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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

Takes place in a controlled environment

Where the researcher manipulates the IV

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2
Q

Three ways in which to deal with reliability ?

A

Split Half
Test Retest
Inter rater

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3
Q

What is experimental validity ?

A

Extent to which the experimental setup is believable.

Internal validity - what goes on inside the experiment

External Validity - what goes on outside the experiment

If experimental validity is low then the findings will be meaningless.

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4
Q

Three ways of dealing with validity ?

A

Content validity - extent to which the test covers the whole topic area

Concurrent validity - extent to which the test results conform on some other valid measure.

Predictive - extent to which the test scores can predict future scores.

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5
Q

What is a type one error?

A

When the level of significance is too high.

You should have accepted the H0 but instead accepted the H1.

Claim IV affected the DV when it didn’t.

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6
Q

What is a type two error?

A

When the level of significance is too low

You should have accepted the H1 but instead accept the H0

Claim the IV didn’t have an affect on the DV when it did.

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7
Q

What tests are used for experiments ?

A

Wilcoxon
Mann Whitney
T- test related
T- test unrelated

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8
Q

What tests are used for correlations

A

Spearmans and Pearson

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9
Q

What tests are used for observation ?

A

Chi - Squared

Bi nominal

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10
Q

What are degrees of freedom ?

A

Number of values in a final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary.

Sometimes the researcher will take participants into account minus one.

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11
Q

Define the three different levels of data.

A

Nominal data - devise categories and tally up frequencies. Advantage - easy to see vague trends that occur. Disadvantage - not objective subjective as to which category.

Ordinal data - performance is ranked in order , no equal intervals. Advantages - no chance of subjective interpretation. Disadvantage - cant see trends immediately. Can’t see individuals scores in relation to each other.

Interval data - data is gather from a safe numerical scale e.g. Height and time. Advantage - objective. Shows performance in relation to each other. Disadvantages - only be used in limited data . Can’t see trends immediately.

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12
Q

What is a correlation co efficient?

A

Refers to a number between -1 and +1 that states how strong a correlation is between two sets of measurements.

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13
Q

What are Co-Variables ?

A

Two or more qualities that may vary with each other.

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14
Q

A disadvantage of a correlation?

A

Doesn’t show a third variable that may affect the study.

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15
Q

Define a hypothesis?

A

A formal, unambiguous testable statement that a piece of research aims it prove or disprove.

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16
Q

A disadvantage of a closed question ?

A

Gain little insight into the persons true feelings.

17
Q

What is content analysis?

A

Analysis of material to see what themes emerge.

18
Q

Two disadvantages of content analysis?

A
  1. Time consuming

2. Qualitative data can be hard to analyse scientifically.

19
Q

Define observation

A

The researcher observes behaviour in a natural setting. The researcher doesn’t manipulate the IV and has limited control over extraneous variables.

20
Q

Define a field experiment.

A

Takes place in a natural setting where the researcher can manipulate the IV.

21
Q

A disadvantage of a field experiment?

A

Can’t control extraneous variables

22
Q

What is inter rater reliability?

A

Two or more researchers collect data in a consistent manner using a coding system.

23
Q

What is operationalising?

A

Defining exactly how a variable will be measured.

Precise definition of a variable.

24
Q

What is reliability ?

A

Study is carried out and produces consistent results.

Consistency of the measuring tool.

25
Q

What can closed ended question be affected by?

A

Social desirability bias?

26
Q

Why are questions placed in the same order ?

A

Allow easy comparisons of results from different participants.
Improve reliability

27
Q

What is non participant observation?

A

Observing / recording behaviour without any interference

28
Q

Disadvantage of observations?

A

Subjective bias

29
Q

A disadvantage and advantage of the median?

A

Advantage is that is ignores extreme scores.

Disadvantage is that it ignores most scores.

30
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

Predicts that the IV will have an effect on the DV but the effect isn’t specified.

31
Q

Experimental design

A

Independent
Repeated
Matched pairs

32
Q

Research Methods

A

Lab
Field
Natural

33
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of a questionnaire

A

Objective & quick

Not answer honestly & hard to analyse.

Psychology (4 decks)

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