Research Methods Flashcards
What are the three levels of analysis?
Biological
Psychological
Social-cultural
What is social psychology?
the study of the manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of the individual influence and are influenced by social groups
Who created operate conditioning
B.F Skinner
Who was Aristotle’s tutor and believed in Dualisim?
Plato
Critical thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asses conclusions.
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Informed Consent
An ethical priciple that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
Case Study
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Standard deviation
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
Value judgement
Affect how psychologists study things, what they study, and how they interpret the results
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
Median
The middle score in a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
Ethics
Moral principles that are socially acceptable.
Normal Curve
(Normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.
What is Naturalistic observation?
It is the study of a subject within its natural habitat without any interfering.
Intuition
The ability to acquire knowledge without interference or reason
In a distribution, what is the most frequently occurring score called?
Mode
Wording effects
The effects that small changes in the words/order of words has on the one being studied.
Three Research Methods
Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental are the three ?
What is an experiment?
A scientific procedure done in order to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
Explains, organizes, and predicts behaviors or events
Components of good theories
Scatter plot
A graphed cluster of dots which represent the values of two variables. The slope suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.
Scientific Attitude
Curiosity, skepticism and humility.
Intiution is?
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrast with explicit, conscious reasoning.
Naturalistic observation is?
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control anything.
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different situations and subjects
Culture
Enduring ideas, behaviors, attitudes, values and traditions shared why a group of people and passed down from generation to generation
Operational Definition
A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
Statistical Significance
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
Random sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
What group of people receive the treatment in a double blind procedure?
Experimental group
What is it called when the response provided differs from the real value?
Measurement error
What is the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores?
Mean
What happens when mean is biased by a few extreme scores?
Skewed Distribution
Debriefing
The process following the experiment when the researcher tells the participant more about the study and it’s meaning.
Survey
A method by which one gathers data on a large group of people about their attitudes, behaviors, and experiences; which can be done three ways: Interviews, questionnaire, or a combination of the two.
Placebo effect
Phenomenon in which some people experience some type of benefit after receiving the placebo
Bias
Prejudice in favor or against one thing, person. Or group. Usually in a way that is unfair
