Research Methods

Question 1

Describe snowball sampling

Answer 1

a non-random sampling technique where the researcher begins with a small group of participants and asks them to refer others who fit the research criteria. It is commonly used for studying hard-to-reach or hidden populations, such as drug users or criminal networks. The main limitation is that it can lead to sampling bias and is not representative of the wider population.

Question 2

Describe quota sampling

Answer 2

also a non-random method where the researcher sets quotas to ensure certain characteristics (such as age, gender, or class) are represented in the sample. Participants are selected to fill these quotas. While it ensures diversity and is relatively quick, it can still be biased and findings cannot be generalised to the whole population.

Question 3

what is interviewer bias

Answer 3

when participants give the response they think the interviewer wants to hear

Question 4

describe triangulation and what is it also known as?

Answer 4

• the use of more than one method or source of data in a study to improve its validity and reliability. In sociology, it often involves combining qualitative and quantitative methods

-mixed methods research

Question 5

Which topics may be best suited to unstructured interviews and why?

Answer 5

1. Sensitive topics
   Topics such as domestic violence, mental health, or experiences of racism are often best explored through unstructured interviews. The informal, style can help build trust and rapport, making participants feel more comfortable opening up about personal or traumatic experiences.
2. Understanding personal meanings and subjective meanings individuals attach to their experiences. For example, research on religious beliefs or youth subcultures can benefit from this method, as it allows respondents to express their views in their own words, without being limited by fixed-response questions.
3. Studying groups who may distrust authority
   This method can also be useful when researching groups who may be suspicious of formal research methods—such as gang members, ethnic minorities, or refugees. The flexibility of unstructured interviews can create a more natural, less intimidating environment.