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Cultural and material deprivation in ethnic differences in achievement > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is primary data?

A

Information that has been collected first-hand by sociologists themselves for their own research purposes

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2
Q

What is secondary data?

A

information collected not by sociologists themselves for their own research purposes, but by other people or organisations for non-sociological purposes.
- Usually free or cheap
- Often includes official statistics, the media and personal documents

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3
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Information in numerical form (percentages, tables, graphs etc). Official statistics and the results of social surveys are two important sources of quantitative data

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4
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data representing information and concepts that cannot be represented by numbers

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5
Q

What is objectivity?

A

a lack of bias, judgement or prejudice

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6
Q

What is subjectivity?

A

when judgement is made based on personal bias

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7
Q

What is validity in sociological research?

A

the capacity of a research method to measure what it sets out to measure. A valid method method is thus one that gives a truthful picture

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8
Q

What is an interview schedule?

A

The list of questions to be asked in an interview. It is useful because it allows some standardisation of the interviewing process, since all interviewers will use the same schedule of questions

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9
Q

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A

Behaviour change due to awareness of awareness.

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10
Q

What is a questionnaire?

A

Written list of questions for data collection

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11
Q

State advantages of questionnaires

A

Easy comparison, cost-effective, quick, respondent anonymity

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12
Q

State disadvantages of questionnaires

A

Limited responses, low rates, sensitive topic reluctance

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13
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

Interviews with a rigid set of questions

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14
Q

State advantages of structured interviews?

A

High response rates, increased validity, comparable results

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15
Q

State disadvantages of structured interviews?

A

Formality reduces rapport, no flexibility, cost issues

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16
Q

What is an unstructured interview

A

Flexible interviews without a set question pattern

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17
Q

State advantages of unstructured interviews

A

Flexible, detailed, reduced bias, open-ended questions

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18
Q

State disadvantages of unstructured interviews

A

Inconsistent, low generalizability, time-consuming

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19
Q

What is an Overt Participant Observation?

A

Participants know they are being observed

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20
Q

State advantages of Overt Participation Observation?

A

Gains unique insights, allows objective data collection.

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21
Q

State disadvantages of Overt Participation Observation?

A

Time-consuming, ethical concerns, may induce Hawthorne effect

22
Q

What is Covert Participation Observation?

A

Participants unaware they are being studied

23
Q

State advantages of Covert Participation Observation

A

High validity, researchers maintain a low profile

24
Q

State disadvantages of Covert Participation Observation

A

Raises ethical concerns, time- consuming

25
Q

What is an Overt Non-participation Observation?

A

Participants know researchers are present but do not interact

25
Q

State advantages of Overt Non-participation Observation

A

Objective data, ethical, informed consent obtained

26
Q

State disadvantages of Overt Non-participation Observation

A

Susceptible to Hawthorne effect

27
Q

What is Covert Non-participation Observation?

A

Participants unaware of being observed at all

28
Q

State advantages of Covert Non-participation

A

minimises the risk of people being affected by the presence of a researcher

29
Q

State disadvantages of Covert Non-participation

A

Raises ethical concerns (no informed consent)

30
Q

What are Laboratory Experiments?

A

Controlled experiments testing specific hypotheses

31
Q

State advantages of Laboratory Experiments

A

High control, reliable, replicable conditions

32
Q

State disadvantages of Laboratory Experiments

A

Artificial environment, deception issues, unrepresentative results

33
Q

What are Field Experiments?

A

Experiments in natural settings with controllable elements

34
Q

State advantages of field experiments

A

High ecological validity, establishes casual relationships

35
Q

State disadvantages of field experiments

A

Less control over variables, difficult to replicate

36
Q

What are Official statistics?

A

Quantitive data collected by government agencies

37
Q

State advantages of Official Statistics

A

Cheap, easy to collect, Objective and reliable, as they are usually collected under strict guidelines

38
Q

State disadvantages of Official Statistics

A

data is collected for administrative and policy purposes (and specifically for sociological research) classification and definitions may vary or not be useful
Data produced by the state might have been presented in such a way as to make the government look better or avoid embarrassment

39
Q

What are Personal Documents?

A

Private written documents intended for limited audience

40
Q

State advantages of Personal documents

A

They can provide information that may not be covered in official documents
They can be easy to access if the owner(s) are willing to reveal them

41
Q

State disadvantages of Personal documents

A

Documents may not be genuine
They may not be representative, so findings cannot be generalised
Using private documents without permission can cause ethical problems related to consent

42
Q

What are Public Documents?

A

Reports created by organisations for public access

43
Q

State advantages of Public Documents

A

provide valid in-depth qualitative data, providing insights into the attitudes, values, and meanings of those people who produced them

44
Q

State disadvantages of Public Documents

A

Researchers have to work with existing data, and so they may not find what they need
It may take a lot of time to go through the documents if they are in-depth

45
Q

What are Historical Documents?

A

Documents from the past providing historical insights

46
Q

State advantages of Historical Documents

A

Historical documents can offer useful insights into the past, and in some cases, they may be the only way of studying past events.
Public historical documents, such as records and reports, may be easily accessible

47
Q

State disadvantages of Historical Documents

A

It may be difficult to verify the authenticity of some historical documents
Words and meanings change over time; this can affect the interpretation of the information

48
Q

What is a Content Analysis?

A

Method to analyse and codify written works

49
Q

State advantages of Content Analysis

A

Identifying and counting up the instances of a particular topic means that the data generated from content analyses tend to be quantitative

50
Q

State disadvantages of Content Analysis

A

Can be extremely time consuming.
Is subject to increased error, particularly when relational analysis is used to attain a higher level of interpretation.

Cultural and material deprivation in ethnic differences in achievement (4 decks)

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