Research Methods

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

Belief that outcome was foreseeable (after it occurred)

Question 2

Theories

Answer 2

Explanation based on observation

Question 3

What is a Falsifiable theory

Answer 3

Falsifiable means you can get info that supports the theory and does not support the theory

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

a prediction based on the theory

Question 5

What should a good hypothesis include

Answer 5

1. Your variable
2. The predicted relationship between those variables

Question 6

Research

Answer 6

Test of the hypothesis this test yield data

Question 7

Operational Definition

Answer 7

A description of a property in measurable terms

Question 8

How to know if 2 variables are correlated

Answer 8

When two variables are correlated, you can use your knowledge of the value of one variable to predict the value of the other variable without actually having to measure it!

Question 9

Correlational Design

Answer 9

Measure how closely two variables vary together or how well you can predict a change in one variable from observing a change in the other variable

Predictor variable
Criterion/ Outcome variable

Question 10

What are the two variables in a correlational design called

Answer 10

Predictor variable

Criterion/ Outcome variable

Question 11

Drawbacks of correlational design

Answer 11

Correlation cannot infer causations

Question 12

Benefits of correlational design

Answer 12

Can sometimes be a more ethical approach

Question 13

Positive correlation

Answer 13

Both variables either increase or decrease together

Question 14

Negative Correlation

Answer 14

One variable increases when the other decreases

Question 15

Zero correlation

Answer 15

One variable is not predictably related to the other

Question 16

Variable

Answer 16

Any property with values that can vary across individuals or over time

Question 17

Albert Bandura Social learning theory

Answer 17

People learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling

Question 18

Experimental Research

Answer 18

To show that “X causes Y” we need to manipulate (or change the value of) X and observe it effect on y

Question 19

Benefits of experimental design

Answer 19

Can infer causation

Question 20

Drawbacks of experimental design

Answer 20

May be impractical or unethical to address certain types of research question using an experimental design

Question 21

Independent Variable (IV)

Answer 21

Factor that varied or manipulated

Question 22

Dependent variable (DV)

Answer 22

The behavior that is measured (and is expected to change as a function of change of the independent variable)

Question 23

Random assignment

Answer 23

Assigning participants to randomly experimental conditions (or levels of the IV)

Question 24

Population

Answer 24

Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in

Question 25

Sample

Answer 25

A subset of the population

Question 26

Random sampling

Answer 26

Every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 27

Convenience Sampling

Answer 27

the sample consists of people who are conveniently available for the study

Question 28

Placebo effect

Answer 28

When receiving special treatment or something new affects human behavior

Question 29

Experimenter Bias

Answer 29

The experimenters expectations influence the outcome of a study

Question 30

Double blind experiment

Answer 30

1. The researcher is blind to the condition to the subject is participating in
2. The participant is blind to the conditions of the experiment

Question 31

Demand characteristics

Answer 31

Participants form an interpretation of the experiments purpose and subconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation

Question 32

Converging operations

Answer 32

A research strategy where a variety of research techniques are used to investigate or converge upon a particular experimental or research result

Question 33

Replication

Answer 33

The process of repeating a study and finding a similar outcome each time