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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member has equal chance

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2
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Every nth person is selected

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3
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of a measurement

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4
Q

Internal reliability

A

Internal consistency of a measure

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5
Q

Split-half

A

Date collected and split in half results of each half compared

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6
Q

External reliability

A

Consistency with different measures of in the same one text to another

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7
Q

Test- retest

A

Re-administering some test to some people under some conditions but different occasions

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8
Q

Inter- rater

A

Subjectively leading to bias

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9
Q

Inter-observer

A

Doing study and getting second researcher to study compare correlation coalition of + 0.80

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10
Q

Validity

A

The extent to a result reflects a true findings is real world

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11
Q

Internal validity

A

findings related to the manipulation of independent variables

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12
Q

External validity

A

Can be generalised beyond the study

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13
Q

Population validity

A

Can results be generalised by general population

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14
Q

Ecological validity

A

Results be generalised to real world and real life

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15
Q

Mundane realism

A

Task be generalised to real world and real life

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16
Q

Temporal validity

A

Can results be generated across different times

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17
Q

Face validity

A

Simple technique to test for validity

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18
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparing new procedure with similar procedures that been done before

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19
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Population divided into distinct stat and specific numbers

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20
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Happen able to get regardless of representation

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21
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Volunteer when asked

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22
Q

Ordinal data sampling

A

Qualities categories all natural order

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23
Q

Ordinal data sampling

A

Qualities categories all natural order

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24
Q

British psychological society

A

Responsible for promotion of excellences ethical practice

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25
Q

Informed consent

A

Participant not given all the aims of the study stop demand characteristics

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26
Q

Presumptive consent

A

Informing group of individuals similar to research participants about aims of study

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27
Q

Prior general consent

A

Informing participants that may be deceived in some way

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28
Q

Retrospective consent

A

Participants gives consent for their data to be used in research once debriefed

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29
Q

Deception

A

Prevents participants to give informed consent

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30
Q

Right to withdraw

A

It leave during study lead to bias
participants who receive money or uni credits may feel less able to

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31
Q

Protection from physical and psychological ham

A

Scientists difficult to guarantee from protection harm

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32
Q

Confidentially

A

Researcher wish publish findings but data protection act make confidentiality right

33
Q

Privacy

A

Only research is observing the study

34
Q

Pilot studies

A

Small trial version of proposal study
Can identify potential issues early

35
Q

Laboratory experiment: strengths

A

In controlled environment
high control over confounding and extraneous variables.
Researcher ensure effect on DV’s be result of manipulation of IV.
be more certain demonstrating cause and effect
Replication more possible because of high control ensure new extraneous variable not introduced when repeating experiment

36
Q

Laboratory experiment: weaknesses

A

Lack of generalisation
Environment be artificial not like everyday life
Un familiar area participants may behave in unusual was so behaviour not always be generalised beyond research setting low external validity
Participants know being tested cause unnatural behaviour demand characteristics
Not represent everyday experiences mundane realism

37
Q

Field experiments

A

Researcher goes to participants usual environment
IV manipulated in a natural everyday setting

38
Q

Field experiment: strengths

A

High mundane realism because environment more natural
Produce behaviour that more valid and authentic
Participant be unaware being studied high external validity

39
Q

Field experiment: weaknesses

A

Increase realism = loss of control of CVs and EVs
Can cause effect between IV and DV St in field studies be more difficult to establish and precise replication not possible
Ethical issue

40
Q

Natural experiment

A

Measure effect IV on a DV
Researcher no control over the IV and cannot change it
Someone or something else causes it to vary

41
Q

Natural experiment: strengths

A

Provide opportunities for research that may not otherwise be undertaken for practical or ethical reasons
High external validity because involves real world issues and problems

42
Q

Natural experiment: weaknesses

A

Event only happens rarely reducing opportunities for research
Limits scope of generalising finding to other situations
Participants may not be randomly allocated to
Experimental conditions

43
Q

Quasi experiments

A

Having as IV that based on existing difference between people
no one manipulates the variable
Just exists
The IV can not be changed

44
Q

Quasi experiments: strengths and weaknesses

A

Carried out controlled conditions
An not randomly allocate participants to conditions therefore may be confounding variables
IV not deliberately changed by researcher

45
Q

Operationalised

A

To be precise and clear about what is being manipulated or measured

46
Q

Research aims.

A

A general statement about what the researcher intends to investigate

47
Q

Hypotheses

A

A statement of what you believe is true
Precise and testable

48
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

States the direction of the predicted difference between two conditions or two groups of people

49
Q

Directional hypothesis: template

A

Participant who complete condition A will score higher on DV compared to participants who complete condition B

50
Q

Non-directional hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that not give direction of the prediction

51
Q

Non-directional hypothesis: template

A

There will be a difference in DV sores between condition A and condition B

52
Q

Extraneous variables

A

The variable that isn’t the IV but could affect the dependant variable it not controlled

53
Q

Participant variables

A

Any characteristics of participant that can impact result of the study

54
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Participants works out aim of study and change behaviour

55
Q

Investigator effect

A

When researcher unintentionally or unconsciously influence the outcome

56
Q

Situational variables

A

Features of the experiment that can effect the results

57
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

Researcher controls /manipulates the IV in order to measure effect on DV
Can measure cause and effect
Hypothesis States a difference

58
Q

Correlations

A

No manipulation of one variable
Measuring two co-variables
Not establish cause and effect
Hypothesis States a ‘ relationship’ or ‘association’

59
Q

Correlation coefficients

A

A number between -1 and +1

60
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of correlation

A

In one note under correlation

61
Q

Matching pairs

A

Different participants in each condition
Matched on important variables
Like age, sex and personality

62
Q

Independent groups/ measures

A

Different participants in each group

63
Q

Repeated measures

A

All participants do task with both audience and then without

64
Q

Order effect

A

Occurs when participants responses in the various conditions are effected by the order of conditioning to which were exposed

65
Q

Counter balancing

A

Half participants do task with audience then without
Others do conditions but other way around

66
Q

Sections of a science report: Abstract

A
  • first section in journal article
  • short summary
  • 150-200 words
  • includes brief overview of all major element
    • aims and hypotheses
    • methods/procedures
    • results
    • conclusions
67
Q

Sections of science report: introduction

A
  • literature review of relevant theories and studies related to current study
  • gradually become more specific towards current study
  • includes and aims and hypotheses
68
Q

Sections of science report: method

A

Should include sufficient detail so other researchers can replicate the study
- design
-sample= target population, size of sample
- Apparatus/materials
- procedure= a ‘recipe-style’ list of everything that happening from beginning to end, including briefing,standardised instructions and debriefing
- ethics= have these been addressed

69
Q

Sections of science report: results

A
  • summarise key findings
  • descriptive statistics
  • inferential statistics
    Qualitative data= analysis of theme and / or categories
  • no raw data in this section
70
Q

Sections of a science report: discussion

A
  • summarise key results and conclusions in context of the evidence from introduction to other relevant research
  • limitations of the study and how they might be addressed in future study
  • wider implications
71
Q

Sections of a science report: references

A
  • full details of any source materials cut4rd in report
  • important to avoid plagiarism
  • books
    Author (date) title of book. Place of publication, publisher
  • journal articles
    Author(s) (date). Article title. Journal name, volume (issues), page number
72
Q

Sections of a science report: appendices (sometimes)

A
  • include additional resources/information which may be of internet e..g:
    • raw data tables
    • copy of questionare/interview schedule
    • ethics application
73
Q

Peer review

A

GO TO ONE NOTE

74
Q

Primary data

A

Collected yourself
Original data collected specially for that purpose

75
Q

Secondary data

A

Collected by someone other than person doing the study

76
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data expressed in words

77
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data expressed numerically

78
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data expressed numerically

Psychology (4 decks)

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