Approaches Flashcards
Behaviourist approach: assumption
- All born as blank state
- behaviour shaped by experience, environment and learned
Behaviour studied in scientific way: - rejected idea of studying mental process is seen as irrelevant and unmeasured
- Lab experiments best way to study behaviour
- basic process that govern learning some in all species
Behaviourist approach: classical conditioning
- Pavlov
- dog strapped with harness
- collects dogs saliva when sees food
- rang bell no Salvia
- bell rings and food given measures saliva
- repeat multiple times
- bell would ring no food present test conditioning
Behaviourist approach: classical conditioning
Dog training exercise before, during after conditioning
Behaviourist approach: operant conditioning
- Skinner
- Skinner box - have complete control over environment and the punishment or the reconforcement
- positive reinforcement - pulling leaver to get food increases likelihood of doing again
Behaviourist approach: strengths
- Apply classical and operant conditioning to theories
- systematic desensitisation based on classical conditioning useful treating phobias
- useful scientific method of research because experiments objective, measurable and observable
Behaviourist approach: weaknesses
- Focus too much on ‘ nurture’ side of nature/ nurture debate
- suggests all behaviour learned but cognitive and biological elements proved to effect behaviour
- ethical issues raised by using animals in experement,
- animals unable to consent or unable to withdraw
Social learning theory: assumptions
- learning occurs directly and indirectly
- learn through observation and imitations - if behaviour rewarded known as vicarious reinforcement
Social learning theory:study
Bandura
- investigate if behaviour be learnt through observation
- 3 different groups
1 attacking Bobo doll
2 playing will Bobo doll
3 not exposed to model
- children more likely imitate behaviour of same sex role models
- children exposed to aggression more aggressive
Social learning theory: conclusion
- Children able to lean behaviours like aggression through observations of role model
- important implications for the effect of media violence on children
- Mediational processes
Cognitive approach: assumptions
- Internal mental process (memory, perception, thinking) that mediates between stimulus and response to be studied scientifically
- mind processes information and humans can be seen as “data processing” systems
- working of a computerund human mind is like encoding information
Inference
Process of making assumptions about mental process that cannot be directly observed
Cognitive approach: bungelski and Alampay
- Participants either shown picture of animals or faces prior to exposure of picture
- shown picture of rat face
- found participants more likely to perceive picture as a rat it had prior exposure to animal pictures
Or to a man if prior exposure to faces
Cognitive approach: role of schemes
- Processing information be effected by person beliefs or expectations
- mental start-cuts that help interpret new information and respond appropriately
-can develop and change over time - babies born with innate motor schemes
- as become order they become more sophisticated
- prevent us from becoming overwhelmed
- not always useful
Cognitive approach: computer models
Input= central processing unit - human brains
Coding=IS and OS - images and words
Storage = hard disc/random access - long terms memory and working memory
Output= sounds, visual, data - actions, behaviours. , emotions
Cognitive approach: evaluation/cognitive neuroscience
- Methods are objective methods because are more scientific. Increases validity
- PET and FMRI scans are brain imaging techniques within the field
- cognitive neuroscience = scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes
-useful for psychological treatments
