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Psychology Paper 2 > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

What does operationalise mean

A

Stating How you are going to measure the variable

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is changed

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

What is measured

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4
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

Prediction specifies a measured difference
Words like more, less, faster, slower

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5
Q

What is a non directional hypothesis

A

Open-ended result. Difference, but it is not specified

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6
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

No difference

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7
Q

What does a hypothesis need (SOB)

A

Statement
Operationalised variables
Both conditions of IV needed

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8
Q

What is random sampling

A

Each person has an equal chance of being selected to take part. Randomly choosing using RNG from list of people. Strength-no researcher bias, representative sample-equal.
Limitations- time consuming

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9
Q

What is opportunity sampling and strengths and limitations

A

Pick readily available people at the time and place of research
Advantages-convient, little time and effort , cheaper
Disadvantages- researcher bias- has control over who is asked, unrepresentative, one area

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10
Q

What is volunteer sampling and advantages and disadvantages

A

Participants select themselves through an advert
Advantages- less time consuming
Limitations- volunteer bias, unrepresentative-similar type of people

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11
Q

What is systematic sampling and strengths and limitations

A

Pre determined system- select every nth person in a list
Strengths- no researcher bias
Limitations- time consuming

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12
Q

What is stratified sampling and strengths and limitations

A

Subgroups within a group of people that represents the same proportion to the population
Strengths- no researcher bias, representative sample.
Limitations- takes a while, effort

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13
Q

What are the ethical issues

A

Informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, protection from halm, privacy and confidentiality

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14
Q

Informed consent and how to overcome

A

P must be given comprehensive information about the nature and purpose of research so can give consent to take part.
Researchers gain retrospective consent during a debrief or presumptive consent from a similar group

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15
Q

Deception and how to overcome

A

Research avoid misleading the participant and withholding information.
Overcome, debrief told how and why they were deceived

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16
Q

Right to withdraw and how to overcome

A

Pbhave right to withdraw at any point
Overcome- right to withdraw data

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17
Q

Protection from harm and how to overcome

A

Protected from physical and psychological halm
Overcome- can withdraw can get counselling and reasurred

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18
Q

Privacy and confidentiality and how to overcome

A

Not disclose any personal information disclosed
Overcome- use numbers or initials instead of names and reminded during debrief

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19
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Any other variables that might have an affect on the dependent variable, not controlled by the experimenter. Outside variable

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20
Q

How can extraneous variables become confounding variables and what do they mean

A

If extraneous variables are not controlled for. Confounding variables mean we cannot establish cause and effect

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21
Q

What are the types of extraneous variables

A

Participant variables, situational variables, investigator variables

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22
Q

What is participant variables and examples

A

Individual differences that could effect the dependent variable
Age, gender, personality, motivation, intelligence

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23
Q

What are situational variables and some examples

A

Features of the experimental situation/environment that could effect the D variable
Time of day, noise, temp, weather

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24
Q

What are Researcher/investigator effects and examples

A

Any unwanted influence of the investigator on the research outcome
If researched acts helpful to one group and not to the other, may do this to influence results

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25
What are demand characteristics
When a participant knows what the investigation is about and changed their behaviour as a result of being in the experimental situation e.g overpeform
26
What are the ways to control extraneous variables and what they control for
Random allocation- randomly allocated to each condition of IV- participant variables Standardisation-using same formalised procedure for all p in the study- inv effects and situational Double blind procedure- neither p or researcher is aware of aims of investigation-demand characteristics, inv effects
27
What are the types of experiment
Lab, field, natural, quasi
28
Features and L+S of lab experiments
Takes place in controlled environment, IV manipulated, DV measured Strengths-control of extraneous variables, standardised procedure-reliability Limitations- low ecological value-don’t generalise to real world
29
Features and L+S of field experiments
natural env, IV manipulated, DV measured Strengths- high ecological value, act naturally generalisable to real life Limitations- can’t control extraneous variables, difficult to remain standardised procedure
30
Features and S+L of natural experiments
Natural setting, IV changed naturally-natural event, DV measured S- can study events that can’t be manipulated, real world issues-ecological validility L-natural event may not happen often-difficult to repeat, extraneous variables
31
Features and S+L of quasi experiments
Controlled env, IV based on pre existing difference between people e.g gender,age , DV measured S- controlled conditions like lab L- ps can’t be randomly allocated conditions
32
What are the types of experimental designs
Independent groups, repeated measures, matched pairs
33
What are independent groups
Each participant takes part in one condition of the experiment
34
What are repeated measures
All participants experience both conditions of the experiment
35
What are matched pairs
Participants are matched on key characteristics that are thought to influence experiment
36
Independent groups strengths and limitations
Strengths- no order affects (boredness, tired) as only tested once. Less likely do guess the aim and show demand characteristics. Limitations: participant variables could occur as different people in each group- diff behaviours. Less economical - twice as many participants needed
37
Strengths and limitations of repeated measures
Strengths-No participant variables- same people in both. Fewer participants needed-saves time and money. Limitations- order affects as done twice- bored, tired. Could guess aim and make demand characteristics
38
Strengths and limitations of matched pairs
Strengths- participant variables are controlled due to matching, no order effects as only tested once. Less demand characteristics Limitations- time consuming
39
How do you overcome issues with experimental designs (2 points)
Random allocation- participants randomly allocated to different conditions- evenly distribute characteristics Counterbalancing- making both groups do each condition but in different orders
40
What does an observational study involve
Watching and recording people’s behaviour- no IV- non experimental method
41
What are the types of observations
Controlled, naturalistic, covert, overt, participant, non participant
42
What is it and S+L of controlled observation
Env is controlled to some extent, labrotory S- no extraneous variables- no distractions, standardisation- can be repeated L- low ecological vadility- not generalisable to real life, demand characteristics- know study is being carried out
43
Naturalistic observation- what it is and S+L
Takes place in natural env with natural behaviour S- high ecological vadility- generalisable to real life less likely demand characteristics L- extraneous variables, difficult to remain a standardised procedure- change in env
44
Covert observation- what it is and s+L
Participants are unaware they are being observed S- less chance of demand characteristics- won’t change behaviour- don’t know L- ethical issues- no informed consent , don’t know nature of study
45
Overt observation- what it is and S+L
Participants are aware they are being observed- given consent S- less ethical issues L- more demand characteristics
46
Participant observation, what it is and S+L
observer becomes part of group- first hand account S- can experience situation as p do- inc insight and increases validity of results L- may get too involved, observer bias
47
Non participant observation- what it is and S+L
researcher remains separate from group- objective manner S- maintains objective psychological distance from participants- dec observer bias L- less insight- misenterpret behaviour
48
Observational design- what is unstructured and structured observation
Unstructured- write down everything they see Structured- simplify target behaviours by using behaviour categories
49
Types of sampling in observations (observational designs)
Time sampling, event sampling
50
What is time sampling and s+l
Recording behaviour within a pre established time frame e.g record behaviours every 30 secs S- reduces observer fatigue because number of observations is reduced L- important behaviours missed if outside observation window
51
What is event sampling and s+l
Recording behaviour continuously over a particular period e.g record continuously for 30 mins S- less likely to miss behaviour L- observer fatigue- behaviour still missed
52
How much of an agreement must there be on all observers results to be reliable
80%
53
How do you increase inter observer reliability
Clear and specific behavioural categories should be used
54
What is self report
Asking participants about their own thoughts feelings and behaviour
55
What are questionnaires
Set of written questions used to assess a persons thoughts/ experiences
56
Types of questions and defenitions
Open questions (explain, describe, in detail) questions where there is no fixed choice of response and can answer in any way they wish- produces qualitative data Closed questions (yes/no, rating scales) - fixed choice of response- determined by question setter, produces quantitative data
57
Strengths and limitations of questionnaires
S- less time consuming- large amounts of data can be gathered quickly and researcher doesn’t have to be present. Easier to analyse if lots of closed questions. L- social desirability bias- people may lie to make themselves in a positive light. Response bias- can complete too quickly and not read questions properly.
58
What is an interview
A live encounter where a person asks a set of questions
59
Structured interviews- what it is and S+L
All questions are pre planned for each participant- doesn’t deviate from set of questions S- can replicate- standardised format- reduces differences L- reduces insight- no follow up questions
60
Unstructured interviews- what it is and S+L
Interview runs like a free flowing conversation, most questions are spontaneous Strengths- more insight- follow up points and flexibility. Limitations- difficult to replicate- not standardised procedure
61
What should be used when writing questions for interviews or questionnaires
Clear, easy to understand. A misinterpret affects quality of answers
62
What shouldn’t be used in writing questions for questionnaires or interviews
Jargon(technical language) emotive language/ personal questions, leading questions, avoid double barraled questions
63
Why might a researcher use a questionare over an interview
Quicker to conduct if large amount of people, don’t have to speak complete themselves Collect quantatuve data which can be easy analysed due to less detail,
64
Why might a researcher use an interview over a questionnaire
Allows researcher to go more in depth and get more accurate answers- qualitative data and ps can ask for more clarification if they don’t understand. Less likely to lie and show social desirablility if researcher is present

Psychology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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