Research Methods

Question 1

Controlled experiments within subjects

Answer 1

In within-subjects designs, participants serve as their own control by providing baseline scores across different conditions. The word “within” means you’re comparing different conditions within the same group or individual, while the word “between” means that you’re comparing different conditions between groups.

Question 2

Controlled experiments between subjects

Answer 2

In a between-subjects design, also called a between-groups design, every participant experiences only one condition, and you compare group differences between participants in various conditions.

Question 3

Advantages and limitations of controlled experiments

Answer 3

A controlled experiment is a research study in which participants are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.
A controlled experiment allows researchers to determine cause and effect between variables.
One drawback of controlled experiments is that they lack external validity (which means their results may not generalize to real-world settings).

Question 4

Stratified sampling advantages and disadvantages and define

Answer 4

Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller subgroups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, or stratification, the strata are formed based on members’ shared attributes or characteristics

The advantages of stratified random samples include increased precision and lower costs. It can help ensure that you represent each subgroup sufficiently in your sample.

disadvantages are difficulty gaining access to a list of a larger population, time, costs, and that bias can still occur under certain circumstances

Question 5

random sampling advantages and disadvantages and define

Answer 5

Simple random sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Major advantages include its simplicity and lack of bias.

Among the disadvantages are difficulty gaining access to a list of a larger population, time, costs, and that bias can still occur under certain circumstances.

Question 6

convince sampling advantages and disadvantages and define

Answer 6

Even though it has some benefits, like being cheap and quick, it also has a lot of research problems, like sample bias and the inability to generalize.

Question 7

Reproducibility and repeatability

Answer 7

Repeatability means having one result from an experiment, you can try the same experiment again, with the same setup, and produce/get that exact same result. Reproducibility is a measure if the same result can be attained by a different team, using the same artifacts.

Question 8

Types of extraneous variables
Participant variables:

Answer 8

Participant variables: These extraneous variables are related to the individual characteristics of each study participant that may impact how they respond. These factors can include background differences, mood, anxiety, intelligence, awareness, and other characteristics that are unique to each person.

Question 9

Types of extraneous variables
the experimenter effects

Answer 9

This type of extraneous variable occurs when the researcher or experimenter unintentionally influences how participants should behave. Examples include: The age, gender and mannerisms of the experimenter

Question 10

Types of extraneous variables
situational variables

Answer 10

Situational Variables. Situational variables are factors, conditions, or characteristics related to the external environment that can influence a situation’s behavior, decision-making, or outcome.

Question 11

Types of extraneous variables
demand characteristics

Answer 11

demand characteristics are cues that might indicate the research objectives to participants. These cues can lead participants to change their behaviors or responses based on what they think the research is about.

Question 12

Types of extraneous variables
the placebo effect

Answer 12

the placebo effect, which occurs when a person feels better just because they’re given a treatment, even if that treatment doesn’t do anything.

Question 13

confidentiality ethical principle

Answer 13

Protecting the privacy of research subjects is an obligation for all those who are involved in the research.

Question 14

debriefing ethical principle

Answer 14

provides participants with a full explanation of the hypothesis being tested, procedures to deceive participants and the reason(s) why it was necessary to deceive them.

Question 15

deception ethical principle

Answer 15

participants are given incomplete or misleading information about what to expect during the study activities as it may effect the results if they are given the full research debrief

Question 16

ethical principle beneficence

Answer 16

The ethical principle of beneficence requires one to engage in deeds and acts that benefit others and enhance their wellbeing.

Question 17

ethical concepts integrity

Answer 17

Acting with integrity includes being honest, truthful, accurate and consistent in one’s actions, words, decisions, methods and outcomes.

Question 18

ethical concepts justice

Answer 18

Justice. Mental health professionals have a responsibility to be fair and impartial.

Question 19

non-maleficience

Answer 19

Nonmaleficence is the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient.

Question 20

ethical concepts respect

Answer 20

respect the right to dignity, privacy, and confidentiality of those they work with professionally.

Question 21

double blind procedures

Answer 21

A type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over.

Question 22

controlling extraneous variables in psychology, counterbalancing

Answer 22

Counterbalancing is a method used to deal with extraneous effects caused by order effects that arise when using a repeated measures design. The sample is split in half with one half completing the two conditions in one order and the other half completing the conditions in the reverse order.

Question 23

to address extraneous variables Sampling method,

Answer 23

As its name suggests, when procedures are standardised, they are kept the same for all participants so that the research is carried out fairly and to try to ensure better reliability for the results. This applies, for example, to the instructions that are given to the participants prior to the research taking place – the researcher should read the instructions to the participants or they should read them themselves

Question 24

to address extraneous variables Placebo

Answer 24

a fake treatment that is like the IV treatment used in the experimental group but which is actually neutral or has no known effect. In this way, control group participants should form the same expectations as the experimental group, thereby controlling the effects of this unwanted variable.

Question 25

Situational variables

Answer 25

are factors in the environment that could affect participants’ performance