chapter 2 and 3

Question 1

Hereditary:

Answer 1

Factors that influence development which are genetically passed down from biological parents to their children
Genetic predisposition an increase likelihood to develop a certain trait if conditions are met

Eg. personality and mental health issues

Question 2

environmental

Answer 2

Factors factors from an individual’s physical or social surroundings that influence development
Eg. family relationships, school,culture

Question 2

Biopsychosocial model

Answer 2

Is how biological, psychological and social factors interact and influence psychological well being

Question 2

Biological factors include:

Answer 2

Nutrition
Sleep
exercise
Hormones
Diseases

Question 3

Social factors:

Answer 3

Relationships
Culture
Education
Physical environment
Social support
Socioeconomic status (wealth)

Question 4

Psychological factors:

Answer 4

Attitudes or beliefs
Emotions
Personality
Memories
Thoughts
self -esteem

Question 5

emotion :

Answer 5

can be defined as the complex reaction pattern to personally significant events that involves a mixture of psychological(bodily changes, heart rate, blood pressure etc.) subjective feeling (inner personal or cannot see, eg. being in love ) and expressive (comes with behaviour eg. expression)

Question 6

Attachment:

Answer 6

is the tendency to form an emotional bond to another person usually primary caregiver

Question 7

Ainsworth theory of development(emotional):

Answer 7

secure impact:
-able to form healthy and strong emotional bonds and relationships
-independent and self suffient
-high levels of self esteem and resilience

insecure avoidant impact:
- may find it difficult to form strong bonds and be intimate with others
-tends to ignore or dismiss their own emotions
-avoids depending on others

insecure-anxious (resistant)
-may heavily depend on others for support
-seeks others to complete them

Question 8

Piaget’s four stage theory(cognitive):Sensorimotor period

Answer 8

Sensorimotor period (0-2)
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses
Achievements:
Object permanence:objects still exist even if you can’t see it, touch/ hear.
Goal directed behavior: having a goal(eg. Wanna show mum this today)

Question 9

Piaget’s four stage theory(cognitive):preoperational

Answer 9

preoperational (2-7)
Development of symbolic thought
Achievements:
Egocentrism:seeing everything from own perspective they develop decentre(can understand over point of view)
animism :everything is like me, has conscious mind
Transformation: understanding that something can change from one state to another
Reversibility: ability to back track

Question 10

Piaget’s four stage theory(cognitive):Concrete operational

Answer 10

Concrete operational(7-11)
Mental operations applied to concrete events
Achievements:
Conservation: an object does not change weight volume or mass when the object changes appearance
Classification: categorizing

Question 11

Piaget’s four stage theory(cognitive):Formal operational

Answer 11

Formal operational(11-adult)
Mental operations applied to abstract ideas
Achievements:
Abstract thinking: does not apply to being able to see or visualize (eg. believing in god)
Idealistic thinking: thinking ahead about future and what is ahead and set plan

Question 12

Sensitive period:

Answer 12

-Optimal state for learning
-Connections are made more easily
Learning outside sensitive period takes more effort and time

Question 13

Critical period

Answer 13

Very rigid period of development is which specific function or skill must be learnt

Question 14

assimilation and accommodation

Answer 14

Assimilation is putting new ideas or concepts into understanding and practice while aligning them with older ideas and practice. Accommodation is changing older ideas and concepts into new and completely different concepts and ideas because of experiencing new information.

Question 15

typical behaviour:

Answer 15

that would usually occur given a circumstance

Question 16

atypical behaviour

Answer 16

unusual or unnatural in certain situations unexpected to how the person usually behaves

Question 17

cultural perspective

Answer 17

each culture and ethnic group within that culture has its own set of norms about what is considered acceptable behaviour

Question 18

maladaptive perspective

Answer 18

when things happen in life we need to find ways to cope and manage this is known as adapting. Adaptive behaviour is any behaviour that enables the individual to adjust to the environment appropriately and effectively.
therefore maladaptive any behaviours that keep someone from adapting to or participating in circumstances or situations. Examples of maladaptive behaviours include: avoiding situations that may be stressful or difficult.

Question 19

neurotypicality and neurodiversity

Answer 19

Those who are diagnosed with developmental disorders, such as ASD, ADHD or Dyslexia, are described as being neurodivergent.

• There are many ways to be neurodivergent, which results in neurodiversity, which is a term used to describe variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism.

-This term is used in contrast with neurotypicality, which is a term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning in a way that is typical or expected.

Question 20

autism

Answer 20

narrow interest, repetitive behaviours

Question 21

dyslexia

Answer 21

reading and writing challenges

Question 22

ADHD

Answer 22

impulsivity fidgeting

Question 23

psychologist and psychiatrist

Answer 23

The main difference between the two is that a psychiatrist has trained as a medical doctor and can prescribe medication. A psychologist is not a medical doctor and can’t prescribe medication.

Question 24

psychologist

Answer 24

Psychologists are one of the most well-known types of mental health workers. They work to understand & assist clients in managing their thoughts, emotions, & behaviours.
A psychologist is professionally trained in one or more branches of psychology (educational, organisational etc.)

Question 25

psychiatrist

Answer 25

Psychiatrists are another category of professionals who can provide support for mental wellbeing and psychological development.
A psychiatrist is a doctor who specialises in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and study of mental, behavioural, and personality disorders.

Question 26

sensitive vs critical

Answer 26

A critical period is a short time in a person’s lifespan to be exposed to certain environmental stimuli for development to occur. (If exposure does not take place at this time, then it is unlikely that this learning will be achieved).
On the other hand, a sensitive period is an ideal time to be exposed to environmental stimuli for development to occur. (If exposure does not take place within this time, learning will be more difficult).

Question 27

neurodiverse person

Answer 27

A neurodiverse individual is one who has a variation in neurological development and functioning.

Question 28

psychol