research methods

Question 1

truse or false:Observations collected through a standardized assessment inventory are considered empirical data.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

true or false: open access means a journal is not peer reviewed

Answer 2

false

Question 3

Select all of the following that are basic principles for a good research question.

Quantitative
Novel
Proven
Tangible
Feasible

Answer 3

novel and feasible

Question 4

Which of the following was directly responsible for the development of PL 93-348?
The Stanford prisoner experiment
The Milgram experiment
The Little Abner experiment
The Tuskegee syphilis experiment

Answer 4

The tuskegee syphillis experiment

Question 5

Define qualitative data and give two advantages or features of this data type.

Answer 5

involves observations and narratives.

An advantage it can identify confounding variables and expand analyses of the data. Since qualitative data is very expansive, it has a lot of room for depth and exploration and is meant to apply to a lot of people, making it a good place to start in research, helping formulate or refine research questions.`

Question 6

describes translational research?

Answer 6

A “bridge” study that uses results from basic research to develop interventions or techniques that will be applied to specific societal problems

Question 7

Which procedures is used to ensure every member of a population has an equal opportunity to be selected as a study participant?

Answer 7

random sampling

Question 8

experimental types of studies

Answer 8

use of control and treatment groups, greater variable control, use of blinds.

Question 9

what is an operational definition of a construct

Answer 9

An operational definition of a construct is what the study will be observing, how it will be measured, what type of data will be collected, and what will the study will be comparing.

Question 10

which of the following are journal databases:

Quick reference shelf
open access
academic search complete,
google scholar
CINAHL complete.

Answer 10

Academic search complete and CINAHL Complete

Question 11

which of the following groups does not have additional protections under federal laws for research?
underserved ethnic minorities
pregnant women
children
prisoners

Answer 11

underserved ethnic minorities

Question 12

what are the steps of the scientific method in order from earliest to latest in the cycle.

Answer 12

1) conduct a literature review
2) devellop a research hypothesis
3) conduct the experiment
4) analyze the dara based on observations

Question 13

which of the following terms is the tendency for journals to promote only results that are statistically significant
publication bias, confounding, recall pias, predatory journals.

Answer 13

publication bias.

Question 14

a research distributes a survey via their personal social media accounts, but inadvertenly collects too many results from one particular demographic, which mistake did they make?

response bias, present/presnt bias/sampling error/ availability heuristic.

Answer 14

sampling error

Question 15

in an experimental study you control or manipulate the independent/dependent variable and observe the changes in the independent/ dependent variable.

Answer 15

you control the independent variable
and observe changes in the dependent variable

Question 16

the national comission for protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research produced which of the following?

the common rule, the national research act ,35 CFR 46, The Belmont Report.

Answer 16

The Belmont Report

Question 17

contrast the terms hypothesis and theory

Answer 17

hypothesis= backed by information and predicts the results of one study. it is usually based on a theory.

a theory uses logical relations of hypotheses of multiple studies, it is usually an accepted answer by many for a certain phenomenon.

Question 18

what are predatory journal

Answer 18

journals with no peer-reviewed process or falsly advertise them.

Question 19

two factors that contributed to predatory journals.

Answer 19

the internet, and money (expensive to have peer-reviewed journals and to even get acess to peer-reviewed journalws

Question 20

wich qualitative traditions focuses primarily on social life and culture?

Answer 20

ethnography.

Question 21

what is a distinction of participant observation NOT shared by other qualitative data

Answer 21

the obeserver is actively engaged in an activity or social setting with the participant.

Question 22

what type of statistics is used to commpare two or more samples of scores to one another?

Answer 22

inferential statistics

Question 23

what technique did Tucker (2012) use to collect data exploring telepractice services from the perespectives of SLP providers?

Answer 23

qualitative interviews.

Question 24

when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, we call this:

Answer 24

simple random sample.

Question 25

a likert scale (e.g, Strongly agree, Agree, Neutral...) is an example of what type of variables?

Answer 25

ordinal

Question 26

Time elapsed to complete a task is what type of variable?

Answer 26

Ratio

Question 27

Scores on an IQ test (standard scores) is what type of variable?

Answer 27

interval.

Question 28

A Social security number is what type of variable?

Answer 28

Nominal.

Question 29

the process in which interviewers review collected data in light of their own background is called?

Answer 29

Self-disclosure

Question 30

properties that apply to an ordinal scale" (2 of them)

Answer 30

Magnitude & Identity.

Question 31

True or false: for a qualitative research, an artifact must be more than three years olf for review or analysis

Answer 31

false.

Question 32

which of the following is not a criterion required for inclusion as a qualitative methodology, according to Damico and Simmons-Mackie (2003) procedres are designated to focus on actual phenomena in natural settings the methods of data collection must be rigidly applied, for example the researcher cannot return to data collection after the analysis has commenced the procedure(s) for data collection must be carefully and delibertely employed (systematic). The research is oriented toward social phenomena

Answer 32

the methods of data collection must be ridgidly applied....NOT.

Question 33

what is the main difference between a mediator variable and a moderator variable?

Answer 33

There is a causal relationship from an independent variable to a mediator variable

Question 34

an interview dictated by a detailed script for instructions, questions, and observer responses is called.............

Answer 34

Structured

Question 35

what type of sample is when you designate different sub-groups (e.g. ethnicity), then continue to draw participants until the proportions of in each subgroup match the US population.

Answer 35

Stratified sample.

Question 36

what type of sample is when you survey every 10th peron to register for your specch-language symposium?

Answer 36

systematic sample.

Question 37

What type of sample is when you ask eachparticipant to recommend three people they know to be participants as well?

Answer 37

snowball sample.

Question 38

Instead of randomly choosing among all adults living in residential facilities on Long Island, you randomly select 10 facilities and then reach out to have those facilities survey their residents.

Answer 38

cluster cample.

Question 39

in desgning a research study, you code "ethnicitiy" in to five categories. which of the following terms applies to this variable? continuous, dichotomus quanti, discrete

Answer 39

discrete.

Question 40

the number of people in a population (N0 is what?______.

Answer 40

a parameter.

Question 41

what is a hallmark distinction between biographicaland case studies?

Answer 41

case studies are more structured than biographical studies, with more scripted and researcher-directed questions.

Question 42

you conduct an observation of a student's communication skills by sitting at an adjoining table during lunch time and watching them interact with their peers. indicate ALL of the following that describe thi obsetation type? direct, indirect, naturalistic, structured, participant.

Answer 42

direct and naturalistic.

Question 43

which of the Grounded Theory coding stages involves identigying relationships between areas of data based on time, location, causaility and other vectors?

Answer 43

Axial coding.

Question 44

As part of a research study, you are collecting the birthdates of your participants. these birthdates are a constant or a varaible and why?

Answer 44

A variable, because they vary between participants

Question 45

which of the following terms is used for participants leaving a research study confound or mortality

Answer 45

mort

Question 46

which of the following reanalyzes the results of prior research studies using effect size? case=control, systematic review, meta-analysis, randomized control trial

Answer 46

mata-analysis.

Question 47

prior to conducting a study we use power to calculate which of the following magnitude of mean difference required for significance estimated sample size needed for the study alpha effect size.

Answer 47

magnitude of mean difference required for significance

Question 48

contrast case studies and case reports

Answer 48

case report: healthycare or clinical settings. detiled description of an individual case of a disease or condition usually unheard of. case study: more indepth, complex and uses data from multiple sources with multiple variables collected at once. most likely a quantitative study.

Question 49

what is the primary difference between case studies and case reports

Answer 49

case study-indivdual one person. case report-uses data from multi sour.

Question 50

a cross over design is used to explore the impact of which of the following?

Answer 50

order effect

Question 51

the following term is used when you call results statistically significant but they are not.

Answer 51

type 1 error.

Question 52

which design is most likely to include a single participant cross-sectional, case study, or cross over.

Answer 52

case study

Question 53

:p" means and if it is p<.05 means

Answer 53

probability, if p<.05 it means that it is statistically significant, it has to be less to be not significant. it is not significant if it is exact.

Question 54

true or falce if the significance is .05 it means it is statistically significant

Answer 54

fals, it has to be less thenn

Question 55

what is the meaning of .05 simplified

Answer 55

it is a threshold

Question 56

what is the primary advantage of a case study or case report design

Answer 56

allows for intensive analysis of a single issue.

Question 57

what design is capable of supporting causal inferences

Answer 57

cross-over

Question 58

what is the tolerance level (i.e. amount considered unacceptable for Beta?

Answer 58

20%

Question 59

which of the following is a descriptive study design randomized control trial case-control, systematic review, cohort.

Answer 59

systematic review.

Question 60

the total number of cases in a populatoin is referred to as...... .

Answer 60

prevelance

Question 61

and the number of new cases in a given time period is........ .

Answer 61

incidence

Question 62

data gathered prospectively ove a period of time is MOST COMMON in what design

Answer 62

cohort design.

Question 63

data collected at a single point in time is MOST COMMON in what design

Answer 63

cross-sectional design

Question 64

data gathered retrospectively on participant's histories is MOST COMMON in what design

Answer 64

case-control.

Question 65

which of the statistical tests would be used to evaluate the difference between pretest and posttest scorres on a dependent variable

Answer 65

related samples t test.

Question 66

a correlation coefficient of -0.90 indicats

Answer 66

highscores on one variable are associated with low scores on the other variable

Question 67

comparing scores on one test to scores on another test measuring the same construc is a comparison used to evaluate this.

Answer 67

convergent validity

Question 68

when conducting a correlation test, the coeeficent will__________ and the p-value will_______ when the strength of the relationship between variables increases.

Answer 68

when the strength of the relationship between variables increases the coeeficent will move away from zero and the p-valye will decre.

Question 69

survey directions being appropriate for the construct you are trying to measure. for instance should we use long-winded verbal directions with a test of receptive language is an example of what type of validity they are evaluating

Answer 69

test content

Question 70

should the test taker answer with multiple choice selection or by writing an essay and which is more appropriate for the construct you're measureing and the data you're trying to obtain is an example of _______, a type of validity that they are evaluating through this.

Answer 70

responce processes.

Question 71

evaluating the valididty of if a test of expressive language measures ALL of the relevant skills associated with expressive language (semantics, syntax/morphology,pragmatics,intentionality,etc.) is an example of this type of validity

Answer 71

internal structure

Question 72

evaluating the validity of what are the potential risks for a person recieving a low score on a test, is an example of this type of validity

Answer 72

consequences of testing

Question 73

a probability (p) value associated with the result of a statistical test represents what

Answer 73

the likelihood a correlation or difference between variables is due to chance.

Question 74

on of scale of 1-10 (10 being the highest), rate your child's receptive and expressive language skills." which of the following flaws applies leading, double barreled or negative

Answer 74

double barreled.

Question 75

when interpreting the results of ANOVA which would be used after finding a statistically significant F-statistic

Answer 75

post hoc tests

Question 76

a standard score of 75 would be considered how many deviations above?/or/below? the mean

Answer 76

between one and two standard deviations below the mean.

Question 77

what is a definition of measurement validity?

Answer 77

how much an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure.

Question 78

indicate ALL of the following that are selected-response presentation multiple choice forced choice essay likert scales.

Answer 78

multiple choice, forced choice, and likert scales.

Question 79

when conducting a t test, when/if you find the difference between group means INCREASES the t-statistic will_____ and the p-value will____

Answer 79

qhwn the difference between group means increase the t-statistic ill increase and the p-value will decrease.

Question 80

what is a definition of measure ment reliability?

Answer 80

consistency or accuract of an instruments score.

Question 81

what will occur in SPSS if you select three or more variables for bivariate correlation?

Answer 81

SPSS will run multiple correlations with two variables at a time and list the results in a correlation matrix.

Question 82

true or false: validity is a binary (yes/no) status in that we review the available evidence and determine if an instrument is valid or invalid.

Answer 82

false.

Question 83

you administter a test to a group of participants and then administer the test six months later to see if the scores are consistent, this comparison would be used to evaluate_______.

Answer 83

test-retest reliability

Question 84

you administer a test to a group of participants and have two different people score the exam to see if the scores they give are consistent, this comparison would be used to evaluate______-.

Answer 84

interrater reliability.

Question 85

indicate ALL of the following that are inferential statistics standard deviation t test interquartile range analysis of variance median correlation

Answer 85

t test, analysis of variance, correlation

Question 86

name types of response bias

Answer 86

aquiescence/dissent bias, extreme/neutral bias, and social desirability..