Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Lab studies (+) and (-)

A

(+) reduces EVs
(+) has standardised procedures, easy to replicate
(-) DCs present, ppl don’t behave normally, reduces validity
(-) tasks are artificial, lacks mundane realism

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2
Q

Field Study (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) reflect more real life, less DCs
(-) cannot control the EVs
(-) can’t get informed consent, ethical issues

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3
Q

Natural study (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) high in real life behaviour, ppl are behaving normally
(+) can research in areas that not ethically able to do

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4
Q

Repeated measures (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) removes ppt variables
(-) order effects (practice, boredom, fatigue)

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5
Q

how to overcome order effects in REPEATED MEASURES

A

with counterbalancing (RABBAM)
- half of the ppt should complete the conditions and the other half should complete the conditions in the opposite order

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6
Q

Independent group design (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) no order effects
(+) less DCs
(-) ppt variable
(-) need 2x ppt to complete the study

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7
Q

matched pairs (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) less ppt variable and no order effects
(-) takes long time to organise matching people on factors

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8
Q

matched pair study

A

pairs do 1 condition - allocated to a group based on a ppt variable that can influence the results, e.g. age or gender

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9
Q

repeated measures

A

all ppt recieve all levels of the IV

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10
Q

IGD

A

ppts only do one condition

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11
Q

Why do you need sampling methods

A

when doing a research we cant test everyone so we need to get a sample that represents our target population

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12
Q

random sampling how do

A

gather all the names from target pop and out it in a hat, then draw out a sample

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13
Q

random sampling (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) more representative or target population as all ppl have equal chance
(-) takes time to get all the names/a large list and not everyone will agree to it

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14
Q

Opportunity sample how

A

researcher asks ppl available at the time

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15
Q

Opportunity Sample (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) really easy to obtain sample; quick and simple
(-) not represenative of target population, harder to generalise
(-) researcher bias

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16
Q

systematic sampling how do

A

sample TP nth number and randomly select the start position

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17
Q

systematic sampling (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) reduces researcher bias
(-) takes time to set up and obtain list of TP

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18
Q

stratified sampling how do

A

ppt are selected from diffferent subgroups (stratas) in the TP in proportion to the stratas’s frequency in that population

19
Q

stratified sampling (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) most representative of TP, researcher identifies important sub groups and makes sure theyre represented.
(-) decisions in which subgroup to use may be biased, reducing the representativeness
(-) very lengthy process and not all the ppl will agree to take part

20
Q

who is BPS and what they do

A

british psychological society, they have rules researchers need to follow

21
Q

DRIP-C

A

Deception - debrief at end
Right to withdraw - written in consent form
Informed consent - consent form
Psychological harm - debrief
Confidentiality - use pseudonyms

22
Q

Interviews: structured

A

all questions same for everyone

23
Q

Interviews: semi-structured

A

most questions set at the start but the interviewer can ask extra questions

24
Q

interviews: unstructured

A

has starting question and the rest isn’t structured

25
interviews (+) and (-)'s
(+) ability to gather high level of quality of data (-) expensive, gotta pay interviewer (but can ask for clarification (+)) (-) ppl may be embarassed talking about themself
26
Questionnaires (+) and (-)'s
(+) can be sent to thousands of people easy - gathering large amounts of data is cheap (-) people may not answer them truthfully - social desirability bias
27
Types of observation studies
- naturalistic: observe ppl in natural environment - controlled: observe ppl in an artificial setting - covert: ppt arent aware theyre being observed - overt : ppl are aware they are being observed in advance
28
naturalistic observation studies (+) and (-)'s
(+) less DCs (-) subjective interpretation (-) hard to control
29
controlled observation studies (+) and (-)'s
(+) high control (+) establish cause and effect (-) risk of DCs
30
Covert observation studies (+) and (-)'s
(+) less DCs (-) ethical concerns, no consent
31
Overt observation studies (+) and (-)'s
(+) less ethical concerns (-) increased risk of DCs
32
issues with observations
(+) may see behaviours people don't report about (-) observer bias
33
Correlation study (+) and (-)'s
(+) research in areas that its not ethical to do experimental research in, e.g. child abuse and rate of divorce (-) doesnt show cause and effect, may be other variables that are the cause (-) can reverse correlation, e.g. low serotonin is linked to depression
34
Case studies (+) and (-)'s
(+) can research areas you cant normally as they will be unethical (-) only 1 person, have to gen with caution (-) don't know the behaviours of the person before the event
35
quantitative data (+) and (-)'s
(+) easy to analyse, say whether data gathered is significant or not via statistical analysis (+) since numeric, no subjective interpretation (-) reducing behaviour or thoughts to a number lacks detail (-) lack validity, doesn't reflect the real world
36
qualitative data (+) and (-)'s
(+) much more detailed as it gathers feelings (+) seen as more valid (-) hard to analyse and say whether a result is significant or not (-) based on subjective interpretation
37
Primary data (+) and (-)'s
(+) can gather data that suits the research they ar edoing (-) takes a lot of time to set up as you have to actually carry out long time consuming research when you could just use someone else's data
38
Secondary data (+) and (-)'s
(+) much cheaper than primary as you don't have to do a lot of time consuming research (-) study you do may not exactly match the study done by another researcher, not good data (-) data may be out of date
39
range what and (+) and (-)'s
measures dispersion: how spread out data is (+) easy to calcuate value, to measure dispersion (-) easily distorted by outliers
40
mean median and mode measure what
central tendency
41
mean (+) and (-)'s
(+) takes into account all values hence all values are influenced (-) is influenced by outliers
42
Median (+) and (-)'s
(+) not affected by extrem scores as they dont influence middle values (-) all values dont effect the mean so may not represent rue average
43
mode (+) and (-)'s
(+) very easy to calculate (-) unrepresentative of the set