Development Flashcards
brain stem
does the autonomic functions
- breathing, sleeping, heart rate, eating
thalamus
recieves signals from areas of the brain and sends them off where they are needed
- the body’s information relay station
cerebellum
ploys a role in co-ordination of movement
- balance, coordination, and movement
cortex
outer covering of brain and does our higher processes
- memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem solving
Role of nature on the brain of a baby before born
Nature refers to the argument that characteristics and behaviours are gentically influenced.
Suggests that how a babys brain develops before it is born is influened by the genes inherited from its parents.
Role of nuture on the brain development of a baby before it is born
Nurture refers to the argument that characteristics and behaviours are influenced by upbringing, environment and experiences.
Nuture suggests that how a baby’s brain develops before it is born is infleunced by the mother’s enviornment, lifestyle and experiences during pregnancy.
sensorimotor stage
(0-2) when babies understand object permanence
preoperational stage
(2-7) when kids understand how to see things from other peoples point of view
concrete operational stage
(7-11) when kids understand conservation
formal operational stage
(11+) when kids can think methodically (in a orderly or systematic manner)
Readiness (Piaget’s theory)
children cannot learn something until maturation gives them certain prerequisitcs
- teachers should take a readiness approach by presenting opportunities for the child to learn only when it was at the right stage of development
assimilation
adding to an existing schema (holding a pen similiar to holding a toothbrush)
accomodation
creating a new schema as current schemas do no fit (new way to hold a toothbrush)
Piaget’s theory: application to education
- idea of readiness
- children play an active role in education
- children grow through the stages at different rates
- Sensori: rich, stimulating environment to experiment with senses and learn motor coodination
- Preop: role play to reduce egocentrism
- concrete: concrete materials to manipulate
- formal: scientific activity to help develop an understanding of logic
Ways in whicih piaget’s theory of cognitive development could be applied to education
- suggested children should be taught in a more child-centred way in which teacher should provide materials like bulbs and wires to make a circuit and allow the child to discover the answers to problems for themselves
- Piaget suggested that teachers should take a readiness approach by presenting opportunities for the child to learn only when it was at the right stage of cognitive development like learning to conserve number before volume.
Hughe’s policeman doll study AIM
To see if children can see things from another person’s point of view at a younger age than Piaget proposed if the situation is familiar to them.
Policeman study PPT
30 children aged from 3.5 to 5 y/o
Policeman study PROCEDURE
To introduce the task, a policeman doll was placed on the model. Each child was asked to hide the boy doll from the policeman doll. A child was told if they made a mistake. Then they were allowed to try the task again. In the actual experiment, a second policeman doll was placed on the model and the child was asked to hide the boy dol so that neither of the policeman dolls could see him
Policeman doll RESULTS
90% of the children were able to hide the boy doll from the policeman dolls
Policeman doll CONCLUSION
Most children between these ages can see thigns from another persons POV so are not egocentric in their thinking.
Policeman doll EVALUATE
S: more realistic, task was more similiar to kind of problem children would encounter in daily life, made sure they understood what to do. researcher can better assess childrens real capabilities
D: researcher may of unconsciously hinted about the correct answer, gazing in a certain direction, may lack validity
D: ungen, all came from edinburgh cant gen to other cultures
Naughty teddy study AIM
To see if children developed conservation skills at a earlier age than piaget proposed if the change was accidental.
Teddy PARTICIPANTS
80 children from 4 to 6 years old
Teddy PROCEDURE
Children were shown two rows of counters. A naughty teddy would accidently mess up the counters. The researchers would ask if the number of counters change. Then the researchers would mess up the rows in front of the child. And asked the same question.
Teddy RESULTS
60% said counters same with teddy.
40% said counters same with researcher.
Teddy CONCLUSION
Children under the age of 7 can converve if the change to the materials seems to be accidental. However, the older children did do a better job than the younger children, so age does play a factor.
Teddy EVALUATE
D: non rep, all 8- came from same skl
D: perhaps change went unnoticed as teddy is more captivating. not conserving, just distracted.
A: standardised procedures
Dweck’s mindset theory
Individuals with a growth mindset believe their characteristics adn abilities can be changed with effort, and over time, these people are more likely to adopt learning goals, chose challenging tasks, and employ adaptive strategies to improve their abilities. Those with a fixed mindset, however, are more likely to adopt performance goals and prioritize positive assessment over learning.
fixed mindset
When someone believes that their intelligence is fixed in their genes. They don’t believe in trying hard, since if you have to work hard in order to do something it means you’re not competent. They’re focused on performance goals, feel good when doing well.
Growth mindset
indiviudals with a growth mindset believe their characteristics and abilities can be changed with effort and over time, these people are more likely to adopt learning goals, choose challenging taks and employ adaptive strategies to improve their abilities
Dweck evaluation
A: practical applicaiton. research shows that people can change their mindset and this can be used to improve performance in different contexts such as school
A: any sort of praise can be damaging. In both fixed and growth, the learner is dependent on praise from smo else, learner continues to work hard for someone else, better to have intrinsic motivation. May not be the best way to motivate learners.
Williingham theory
Willingham criticised the learning style approach to teaching and says it does not improve learning.
Willingham believed that students should be taught using the best method based on content being taught rather than to their preferred learning style.
For example, when learning about maps, visual learning style should be used whereas for learning a new language, auditory/verbal styles may be more preferable.
A student’s ability to store the information is more important than how they learn it.
His approach suggests it would be better for students to acquire the ability to use styles that are not their preferred style, so that when information is presented in non-preferred styles learners can still access the information.
If a student struggles to learn a particular type of information, they should be given the opportunity to practise dealing with that type of information.
Willingham suggests teaching and learning can be improved by the application of findings from cognitive psychology and neuroscience studies.
willingham evaluation
A: focused on applications to learning. his critism of leanring styles is that it doesn’t affect performance, so time shouldn’t be wasted on differentiating ebtween them to match students. real world value.
D: diagnosis on the basis of brain difference may not be possible. leanring disorders stem from multiple areas of the brain. can be misleading and incorrect. incorrect diagnosis’ can have a lasting effect.
D: falls into the traditional method of teaching, which is boring and de-motivating. different learning styles liven up lessons, removing them would be bad.
verbalisers
someone who prefers to deal with info in terms of words
- auditory processing
visualisers
someone who prefers pictures rather than words
- visual processing
kinaesthetic leaners
someone who prefers the hands on approach to learning
learning style
the different ways in which a person can process information
Praise
- expressing approval for the effort put into a piece of work
- expressing admiration for the standard of a piece of work
process praise
praising the persons effort
people praise
praising the persons intelligence
self efficacy
a persons understandng of their own capabilities. High self efficacy influences motivation
