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Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Watching and recording a behaviour in the setting which it would usually occur

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2
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment

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3
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent

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4
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

Participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge and consent

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5
Q

What is a participant observation?

A

The researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour is being watched

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6
Q

What is a non participant observation?

A

The researcher remains outside the group whose behaviour is being watched

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7
Q

Strength/weakness of Naturalistic observation

A

High external validity
Replication difficult

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8
Q

Strength/weakness of controlled observation

A

Confounding/extraneous variables controlled
Cannot be applied to life

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9
Q

Strength/weakness of covert observations

A

High internal validity
Ethics are questioned

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10
Q

Strength/weakness of overt observations

A

More ethical
Demand characteristics may be an issue

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11
Q

Strength/weakness of participant observations

A

Strong insight into the situation
May loose objectivity

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12
Q

Strength/weakness of non participant observations

A

Objective
Loose insights

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13
Q

What is an unstructured observation?

A

When a researcher writes down everything they see

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14
Q

What is a structured observation

A

Simplifying target behaviours into behavioural categories

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15
Q

What is a behavioural category

A

When a target behaviour is broken up into components that are observable and measurable (operationalisation)

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16
Q

What is event sampling?

A

Counting the number of times a particular event occurs in a target individual or group

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17
Q

What is time sampling?

A

Recording behaviour withing a pre established time frame

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18
Q

S/W of structured

A

Quantative data
No depth of data collected

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19
Q

S/W of unstructured

A

Qualatitve data
Observer bias

20
Q

S/W of behavioural categories

A

Structured and objective
Must not require futher interpretation, should not overlap categories

21
Q

S/W of event sampling

A

Wont miss behaviours
May overlook important details if complex

22
Q

S/W of time sampling

A

Reducing number of observations made
May be unrepresentative

23
Q

What is an extraneous variable

A

any variable that may affect the dv if its not controlled

24
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

Varies sytematically to the IV, cannot tell if the change is due to the IV

25
Q

What is randomisation?

A

The use of chance methods to reduce the researchers unconscious bias when designing an investigation. Controls investigator effects

26
Q

What is standardisation?

A

List of exactly what will be done in the study. Non standardised changes do not act as extraneous variables

27
Q

What is demand characteristics?

A

Cues from the researcherthat may be interpreted by participants as revealing the purpose. May lead to participants changing behaviour

28
Q

What are investigator effects?

A

Any effect of the researchers behaviour on research outcome. May include selection of and interaction with participants.

29
Q

What is a non directional hypothesis?

A

Does not state the direction of the difference

30
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

States the direction of the difference in the relationship

31
Q

What is Independent groups design?

A

Ps in two seperate groups and experience two diff conditions

32
Q

S/W of independent groups

A

Order effects not a problem
Lots of time/money as need of more ps

32
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

All ps take part in both conditions

32
Q

What is a matched pairs design

A

Ps paired together based on variables relevant to the experiment, then in seperate groups

32
Q

What is random allocation

A

Randomly allocating ps to diff conditions
Even disribution
Used in independant measures

33
Q

S/w of repeated measures

A

Participant variables controlled
Demand characteristics

33
Q

S/W of matched pairs

A

Order effects/ demand charc
Time consuming and expensive

34
Q

What is counter balancing

A

Used in repeated measures, control order effects
ABBA technique
Half ps take part in conditions A-B half B-A

35
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Data that is in seperate categories

36
Q

What is ordinal data

A

Data with a set order or scale to it (1-10)

37
Q

What is interval data

A

Using an ordered scale

38
Q

What is the mean

A

Average calculated by adding all values and then dividing by the number of values

39
Q

What is the meadian

A

The centeral value when data kis ordered low to high

40
Q

What is the mode

A

Most frequently occuring value

41
Q

What is the range

A

Spread of scored, biggest take away smallest

42
Q
A

Psychology (5 decks)

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