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Psycopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Deviation from social norms?

A

people who violate norms can be percieved as deviant or abnormal

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2
Q

Evaluation of DfSN

A

P- useful in diagnosis
E- Can compare behaviours
E- Typical and non typical
L- Protects societs
p- Subjective
E- 1967 homosexual illegal
E- views change overtime
L- Cultural diff

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3
Q

Faliure to Function Adequatley?

A

People who fail to do basic tasks may seek help (subjective assesment of behaviour)

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4
Q

Rosenhan and Seligma?

A

Observer discomfort
Unpredictability
Irrationality
Maladaptiveness
Personal distress

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5
Q

Evaluation of FtFA

A

P- Subjective to individual experience
E- People seek help when needed
E-Define themselves
L- Ethical
P- Overloooks context
E- Not all inability is abnormal
E- Circumstances lead to diff feelings
L- Consider context

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6
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health? (Jahoda)

A

positive self esteem
Self actualisation
resistance to stress
Autonomy
Accurate perception of reality
Adapting to enviroment

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7
Q

Evaluation of DfIMH

A

P- Positive approach
E- Focus on mental health
E- Cna become and aim
L- Benifitial to society
P- To demanding
E- Many people struggle to reach
E- most ppl would be abnormal
L- Not accurate/helpful

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8
Q

Statistical Infrequency?

A

Charcteristics that are statistically rare are abnormal
Falling above or below 2 standard deviations are abnormal (5% of population)
Ppl who have under 70 or 130+ are abnormal

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9
Q

evaluation of SI

A

P- Objective
E- Clear definition
E- Quantative score
L- Less reliant on subjective views
P- Overlooks desirability
E- many want a high IQ
E- Confuses exeptional with abnormal
L- Too simple

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10
Q

What are the cogtnitive characteristics of Phobias?

A

Selective attention to the stimulis- Finding it hard to draw attention away from the phobic stimulus
Irrational beliefs- holding irrational beliefs about the stimulus

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11
Q

Emotional characteristics of Phobias?

A

Anxiety- high levels of Anxiety are produced by the worries surronding the phobia
Emotional responses are unreasonable- Fear is disappropiate to the danger of the phobic stimulus

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12
Q

Behavioural characteristics of Phobias?

A

Avoidance- The person avoids their fear with lots of effort
panic- displaying panicked behaviour Infront of the stim ulus

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13
Q

Cognitive characteristics of Depression?

A

Negative thinking/schema- Individuals pay attention to the negative aspects of a situation, avoid recalling positive
Absolutist thinking- thinking a situation is either bad or good

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14
Q

Emotional characteristics of Depression?

A

Low mood- A persistant sadness
Self esteem- Reduced self esteem, they like themselves less

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15
Q

Behavioural characteristics of Depression?

A

Disruption to sleep or eating- Needing more/less sleep or feeling more/less hungry
Aggression or self harm- Can be irritable or aggressive, could be on someone else or themselves

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16
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A

Obsessive thoughts- Recurring thoughts relating to a particular situation
Insight into excessive behaviour- Aware that their behaviour is irrational yet cannot ignore it

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17
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

Anxiety and distress- Overpowering feelings of anxiety from obsessions and need to fulfil compulsions
Guilt and disgust- Awareness of behaviour can lead to shame, obsessions with germs can result in disgust

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18
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

Compulsions- May feel the need to repeat a certain ritual or behaviour to reduce anxiety. some only experience compulsions not obsessions
Avoidance- Staying away from the situation that triggers their feared response to help reduce anxiety

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19
Q

Is Classical Conditioning Process 1/2 of phobias

A

Process 1

20
Q

How does Classical conditioning relate to Phobias

A

Occur due to an association
Passive process

21
Q

How does Operant conditioning relate to Phobias

A

Explains how the phobia is maintained
Reduction in anxiety is negative reinforecment

22
Q

Evaluation of behavioural approach in Phobias

A

supported by research (Watson and Raynor- Little Albert)
Practical application to therapy
Too environmentally reductionist

23
Q

What is Systematic desenation

A

Helps gradually overcome fear
Desensitisation hierachy
Gradually exposed to each event
Reciprocal inhibition

24
Q

What is flooding?

A

Exposing clients to an extreme form of their phobia
Eventually the anxiety is replaced with relaxation

25
Q

Evaluation of Treating phobias

A

Research supports both (barlow et al, Ost)
Flooding required less time
SD requires more time
Flooding less ethical
SD more ethical
Treats symptoms of phobias not the cause

26
Q

What is becks negative triad

A

Argues depression is atributed to our thinking
Development of a negative self schema
Negative views on self, the world, the future
Can explain overgeneralisation, black and whit thinking

27
Q

What is the ABC model

A

How people react to events
A- activating event
B- Beliefs
C- Consequence

28
Q

Evaluation of the cognitive approach for depression- P

A

P- Research in support
E- Koster
E- Individuals with depression more focused on negative words
L- Supports and validates
P- Practical application
E- CBT (ABC)
E- Therapy is succesfull
L- Helps reduce symptons

29
Q

Evaluation of cog approach in depression- N

A

P- Does not explain where it originated
E- May be other factors
E- Biological or trauma
L- Usefulness questioned
P- Emphasis role of individual
E- Ellis- “self defeating thoughts
E- Blame of individuals unhelpful
L- Unethical

30
Q

Aim of CBT

A

To challenge irrational thoughts and improve individual

31
Q

Proccess of CBT

A
  1. Identify thoughts
  2. Challenge thoughts
32
Q

How do you challenge thoughts with CBT

A

Logical disputing
Empirical disputing ( not consistant with reality)
Pragmatic disputing (lack of usefullness)

33
Q

What are clients often set in CBT

A

Homework
Goals to achieve
Diary of events
Tasks to test validity

34
Q

Evaluation of helping deppression- P

A

P- Evidence to support
E- David and Avellino
E- CBT most effective
L- Shows CBT should be offered
P- Long term effectiveness
E- Result in cognitive reconstruction
E- Less likely to have depression again
L- Strong benefits of the treatment

35
Q

Evaluation of helping depression- N

A

P- Only focus on cognitions
E- Could be other factors
( environmental, biological)
E- CBT may not be effective
L- Should use a range of treatments
P- Person needs to be committed
E- Has to attended many sessions
E- Depression- lack of motivation
L- If they see the treatments as unsuccessful they may not complete so have to be encouraged well

36
Q

Genetic explanation to OCD

A

Candidate genes
SERT- Reduced serotonin
COMT- Increased dopamine

37
Q

Evaluation of Genetic explanation

A

P- Studies support
E- Nestadt et al
E- 68% concordance rate in MZ sample
L- Genetic basis to OCD
P- Reductionist
E- Concordance rate is not 100%
E- If one MZ twin has ocd so should the other
L- Interaction with nurture and nature

38
Q

The role of Neurotransmitter’s in OCD?

A

Serotonin- Low levels can lead to high anxiety and impulsiveness
Dopamine- High levels link to compulsive behaviour, give a rewarding sensation

39
Q

Role of abnormal brain circuits

A

The worry circuit- The candidate nucleus interprets worry signals sent from OFC to the thalamus, sending the signals back to the OFC. When the worry is completed the OFC switches off the worry signal

40
Q

How does the worry circuit relate to OCD?

A

May have a damaged caudate nucleus, doesn’t suppress minor worry signals
Activity in OFC heightened
Worry signals harder to switch off

41
Q

Evaluation into bio approach in OCD

A

P- Practical applications
E- Can design drugs that aid OCD
E- SSRIs have good succes rate
L- Can strengthen claims and is beneficial
P- Research is retrospective
E- After diagnosis of OCD
E- Cant find if its the cause or effect of OCD
L- Undermines the knowledge and understanding of OCD

42
Q

How do SSRIs work

A

Block reuptake of serotonin
Serotonin cant be reabsorbed , remaining longer in the synapse

43
Q

Alternatives to SSRIs

A

Tricyclics, Benzodiazepines

44
Q

evaluation of drug therapy- Research effective (p+N)

A

P-Research in support
E- Soomro
E- SSRIs more effective than placebo 70% more effective
L- Use of drugs is effective
P- Showed drugs are effective alongside other
E- Improvements even more significant
E- Other 30%
L- Should use a range of treatments

45
Q

Evaluation of Drug therapy- Accessibility (P+N)

A

P- Accessible and cost effective
E- NHS
E- readily available
L- Not disruptive to life
P- Side effects
E- Indigestion, loss of sex drive
E- Can lead to reduction in wellbeing
L- Costs need to be weighed against benefits

Psychology (5 decks)

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