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Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

experimental method

A

lab field
quasi natural

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2
Q

aim

A

what the researcher intends to find out in a study

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

predicting results

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4
Q

directional hypothesis

A

difference between two conditions or two groups of people
one tailed - one direction

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5
Q

non-direction hypothesis

A

same but two tailed - both directions

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6
Q

variables

A

condition in an experiment or a characteristic of a person that can take on different categories

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7
Q

independent variable

A

the thing you change

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8
Q

dependent variable

A

the thing you measure

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9
Q

operationalisation

A

variable that is changed by experimenter

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10
Q

null hypothesis

A

statement of no difference or no relationship

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11
Q

extraneous variable

A

any variable you’re not investigating that could affect the outcomes of your research study

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12
Q

confounding variables

A

variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables

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13
Q

investigator effects

A

when a researcher unintentionally influences the outcome of any research they are conducting

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14
Q

randomisation

A

way of controlling for the effects of extraneous/confounding variables

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15
Q

standardisation

A

process in which procedures used in research are kept the same

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16
Q

counterbalancing

A

ppt sample is divided in half, one half completing the two conditions in one order, other half completing conditions in reverse order

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17
Q

random allocation

A

researchers divide the pots + allocate them to certain groups using a random method

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18
Q

Experimental design

A

decrees the way ppts are allocated to experimental groups of an investigation

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19
Q

independent groups design

A

two groups are exposed to different experimental conditions

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20
Q

repeated measures

A

same pets participate in each independent variable condition

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21
Q

match pairs design

A

involves two groups –> each member of Ione group is paired with a similar person in the other group

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22
Q

participant

A

someone who puts in an investigation

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23
Q

laboratory experiment

A

conducted under controlled conditions where research manipulates the IV to measure the effect on the DV

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24
Q

field experiment

A

study conducted outside the lab in a ‘real world’ setting

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25
Q

natural experiment

A

observational studies ( not true)
Researcher has no control over the social conditions of the experiment

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26
Q

quasi experiment

A

puts cant be randomly assigned to the IV

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27
Q

random sample

A

individuals randomly selected by researchers to represent an entire group as a whole

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28
Q

systematic sample

A

sampling technique that uses a predetermined system to select the pets from a target group

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29
Q

stratified sample

A

researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share
(e.g race)

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30
Q

opportunity sample

A

sampling technique used to select ppts from a target group to take part in a research study

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31
Q

volunteer sample

A

ppts self select to become part of a study

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32
Q

pilot study

A

small versions of proposed studies to test their effectiveness + make improvements

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33
Q

Single blind study

A

ppts in the clinical trial dont know if they are receiving the placebo or real treatment

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34
Q

double blind study

A

both ppts and experimenters dont know who is receiving a particular treatment

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35
Q

ethical issues

A

rights of ppt and researchers needs

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36
Q

BPS code of ethics

A

focuses on respect, competence, responsibility and integrity

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37
Q

Population

A

entire set of possible observations that may be made on the statistical universe

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38
Q

target population

A

population a study is intended to research and to which generalizations from samples are to be made

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39
Q

sample

A

subset of individuals from a larger population

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40
Q

sampling techniques

A

process of selecting a specified number of observations from a larger population

41
Q

generalisation

A

respond in the same way to different bur similar stimuli

42
Q

observation

A

close examination of an object for the purpose of collecting data about it

43
Q

naturalistic observation

A

researcher observes + records behaviour as it naturally occurs without intervention

44
Q

controlled observation

A

researchers watch ppts in a contained environment such as a lab

45
Q

covert observation

A

researcher is ‘undercover’ –> ppts are unaware they are being observed

46
Q

overt observation

A

people know they are being observed —> know the aims of the research

47
Q

ppt observation

A

researcher studies a group through observation + participating in its activities

48
Q

non participant observation

A

observing ppts without actively participating

49
Q

State all ethical issues

A

Informed consent
consent
harm
anonymous
right to withdraw
deception

50
Q

retrospective consent

A

ppts give their consent during debrief

51
Q

control group

A

used for the purposes of comparison to determine whether the IV affected the DV

52
Q

ethics is a balance between what

A

researchers needs and ppts rights

53
Q

Mnemonic fir ethical guidelines

A

can do + cant do with ppts

54
Q

presumptive consent

A

group of people are asked if the study is acceptable rather than getting consent from ppts themselves

55
Q

Prior general consent

A

ppts give permission to take part in different studies, including deception

56
Q

lab experiments advantages

A
  • increases control + accurate measurement of variables so more objectivity
  • manipulation of the independent variable indicates cause and effect
  • lab standardisation means greater ability to repeat study
57
Q

lab experiments disadvantages

A
  • total control over variables not possible
  • artificial lab conditions may produce unnatural behaviour that lacks ecological validity ( results dont generalise to real life)
  • results may be biased by sampling, demand characteristics
58
Q

field advantages

A
  • greater ecological validity as behaviour occurs in its own natural environment
  • less bias from sampling ( ppts dont have to be in a lab) and demand characteristics ( if ppts are unaware of being tested)
59
Q

field disadvantages

A
  • difficult to replicate
  • ethical problems of deception, consent, invasion of privacy
  • more bias from extraneous variable due to difficulty of controlling all aspects of experiment outside lab
60
Q

natural experiments advantages

A
  • allows pyschologists to study real problems (e.g. effects of a disaster on health)
  • has great ecological validity since a natural change occurs in a natural environment
  • allows research where IV cannot be manipulated for practical/ethical reasons
    (e.g study of real-life issues such as natural disaster on stress levels)
61
Q

natural experiments disadvantages

A
  • cant demonstrate causal relationships because IV is not directly manipulated
  • random allocation not possible, therefore may be confounding variables that can’t be controlled, a threat to external validity
62
Q

Quasi experiments advantages

A
  • allows for comparison between types of people
  • they are often carries out under controlled conditions, therefore share the same strengths of a lab experiment
63
Q

Quasi experiments disadvantages

A
  • cant randomly allocate ppts to conditions, therefore there may be confounding variables
  • ppts may be aware of being studied, therefore reducing internal validity
64
Q

Experimental design

A

how ppts are allocated to the different conditions in an experiment

65
Q

3 experimental designs

A

independent groups
repeated measures
matched pairs

66
Q

counterbalancing

A

attempt to control order effects in a repeated measures design

67
Q

event sampling

A

counting the number of times a particular behaviour occurs in a target individual/group.

(e.g. event sampling of dissent at a football match would mean counting the no of times players disagree with the referee)

68
Q

time sampling

A

recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame

(e.g. football match only interested in one player so we make notes on what our target individual does every 30 seconds )

69
Q

advantages of event sampling

A

useful when target behaviour or event happens infrequently and could be missed by time sampling

70
Q

disadvantages of event sampling

A

if event is too complex, observer may overlook important details

71
Q

Advantages of time sampling

A

effective in reducing the no of observations that have to be made

72
Q

disadvantages of time sampling

A

instances when behaviour its sampled might be unrepresentative of the observation as a whole

73
Q

why can’t continuous recording always be used ?

A

not practical for complex behaviours

74
Q

Questionnaire

A

pre-set list of questions

75
Q

open question

A

open response - how did u feel at Thorpe park

76
Q

closed question

A

fixed response - how old are you

77
Q

social desirability bias

A

respondents give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others, concealing their true opinions or experiences.

78
Q

acquiescence bias

A

survey respondents to agree with research statements, without the action being a true reflection of their own position or the question itself

79
Q

structured interview

A

pre-determined questions
fixed order

80
Q

unstructured interview

A

free-flow interview
general topic

81
Q

likert scale

A

rating scale used to measure opinions, attitudes, or behaviours

(Strongly Agree, Agree, No opinion, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree)

82
Q

rating scale

A

assess and evaluate the performance, behavior, skills,

83
Q

fixed-choice option

A

respondent has to make a fixed-choice answer, usually ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

84
Q

leading question

A

questions that are worded to suggest a particular answer.

85
Q

3 types of observations

A

naturalistic + controlled
covert + overt
ppt + non ppt

86
Q

features of science

A
  • paradigms + paradigm shifts
  • theory construction + hypothesis testing
  • Falsifiability
  • Replicability
  • Objectivity + Empirical method
87
Q

paradigms

A

Core beliefs (e.g. gravity)

88
Q

paradigm shifts

A

big change in the scientific world

89
Q

theory construction

A

creating hypothesis in order to test a theory

90
Q

independent groups

A

ppts are placed in separate groups
each group does one level of the IV

91
Q

Repeated measures

A

all ppts receive all levels of the IV

92
Q

matched pairs

A

involves two different groups of ppts
ppts in group a are paired with ppts in group b -> paired on key characteristics

93
Q

limitations for independent groups

A
  • researcher cant control effects of ppt variables (e.g. group a might have better memory than group b)
  • requires more ppts in order to end up with the same amount of data
94
Q

Limitations of repeated measures

A
  • order of conditions may accept the performance (order effect)
    (e.g. ppts may do better the second time because they feel less anxious or worse because their bored)
95
Q

limitations of matched pairs

A
  • time consuming + difficult to match ppts on key variables. researcher has to start with a large group of ppts to ensure they can obtain matched pairs on key variables
  • not possible to control all ppt variables as you can only match on variables known to be relevant.
96
Q

strengths of independent groups

A
  • order effects are not a problem
  • reduces the chance of ppts guessing the purpose of the experiment
97
Q

strengths of repeated measures

A
  • ppt variables are controlled so higher validity
  • fewer ppts are needed so less time spent recruiting them
98
Q

strengths of matched pairs

A
  • ppts only take part in a single condition so order effects and demand characteristics are less of a problem
  • controls confounding variables
99
Q
A

Psychology (6 decks)

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