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Psychology Paper 2 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

DV

A

Variable we measure

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2
Q

IV

A

Variable we manipulate

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3
Q

Operationalisation

A

Define variables specifying set of operations/behaviour measured or manipulated

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

Precise and testable statement (prediction)

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5
Q

Aim

A

Investigator intends to find out in study

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6
Q

Standardise procedures

A

Procedure same for all pps and can be repeated

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7
Q

EV

A

Difficult to detect significant effect on DV

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8
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

State difference of the condition/groups of study

People who do HW with tv on WILL PRODUCE worse results than those who have it off

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9
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

Simply state there is a difference between 2 conditions/groups

People who do HW with the tv on PRODUCE DIFFERENT results than one with it off

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10
Q

Confounding variables

A

Varies systematically with IV and changed DV effect the cause and effect relationship

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11
Q

pps variables

A

Characteristics of the pp effect the DV e.g motivation gender experience

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12
Q

Situational variables

A

Research influence pps behaviour e.g order effects

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13
Q

Mundane realism

A

Study mirror the real world

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14
Q

Generalisation

A

Apply result beyond research and results e.g setting group

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15
Q

Validity

A

True/legitimate explanation

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16
Q

Internal validity

A

Control and realism within study itself
IV DV EV CV

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17
Q

External validity

A

Generalisability beyond study

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18
Q

Ecological validity

A

Generalise to other situations

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19
Q

Population validity

A

Don’t generalise to other people

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20
Q

Historical validity

A

Can’t generalise time period

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21
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Pps unconsciously given cues help work out aim lead to screw you effect internal validity lowerd

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22
Q

Investigators effects (bias)

A

Anything investigator does to effect study wasn’t intended e.g interfering with pps

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23
Q

Single blind design

A

Pps unaware of aim

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24
Q

Double blond design

A

Experiment and pps unaware of aim unable to give away cues

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25
Q

Lab experiments

A

Investigate the cause and effect in controlled environment

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26
Q

Strengths of lab experiments

A

Well controlled minimise Ev increase internal validity

Easily replicated cuz of standardised procedures

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27
Q

Weaknesses of lab experiments

A

Artificial situation lack mundane realism

Won’t behave naturally - demand characteristics lower ecological validity

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28
Q

Filed experiment

A

Iv is manipulated in a natural setting

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29
Q

Strengths of field experiment

A

Less artificial increases mundane realism increase ecological validity

Unaware they in experiment lower demand characteristics

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30
Q

Weaknesses of filed experiments

A

Less control of ev and cv reduce internal validity

Time consuming/expensive

Can’t be easily replicated lower external validity

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31
Q

Natural experiment

A

Iv can’t be manipulated directly

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32
Q

Strengths of natural experiment

A

Allow research iv not manipulated for ethical or practical reasons

Mundane realism increase internal validly

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33
Q

Weakness of natural experiment

A

Can’t demonstrate casual relationship as Iv not directly manipulated

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34
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Iv is the characteristic of the pps e.g gender or age

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35
Q

Strengths of quasi experiment

A

All comparisons with different types of people

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36
Q

Weakness of quasi experiment

A

Can’t demonstrate casual relationship between Iv because not directly manipulated

Random allocation not possible can’t control cv lower internal validity

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37
Q

Repeated measures design

A

Take part all condition of study

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38
Q

Independent groups

A

Take part in 1 condition of the study

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39
Q

Matched pairs

A

Pps paired from each condition based on variable e.g iq memory ability
Compare pair performance

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40
Q

Weakness of repeated measures

A

Order effect e.g bordom and practice
Demand characteristics guess aim

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41
Q

Improve repeated measures

A

Counter balancing
Use a different test but match difficulty

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42
Q

Weakness Independent groups

A

Participant variables
More pps needed

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43
Q

Improve independent groups

A

Randomly allocate
Reduce pps variables

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44
Q

Weakness Matched pairs

A

Time consuming
Can’t control all variables

45
Q

Improve matched pairs

A

Pilot study
Restrict number of variables make easier

46
Q

Counter balancing

A

Pps take part in condition a and b reffered as abba
Attempt to balance out order effects between 2 conditions

47
Q

Experimental realism

A

More artificial task engage keep attention on task than the observation

48
Q

Randomisation

A

Use of chance where possible reduce influence on aim and control investigator bias

49
Q

Random allocation

A

Technique to choose pps for treatment group and control group

50
Q

Standardisation

A

All pps subjet to same environment and procedure minimes Ev

51
Q

Random sample

A

Equal change being chosen
Names in a hair chosen out lottery method

52
Q

Strength of random sample

A

Free from researcher bias no influence on selection

53
Q

Weakness of random sample

A

Time consuming can be unrepresentative

54
Q

Systematic sample

A

Nth target pop is selected e.g every 3rd house on each street
Produces a Sampling frame

55
Q

Strength if systematic sample

A

Avoid researcher bias no influence who get picked fairly repesentive

56
Q

Weakness systematic sampling

A

Time consuming

57
Q

Stratified sampling

A

researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share

58
Q

Strength of stratified sampling

A

Avoid researcher bias
Representive reflect composition of population

59
Q

Weakness of stratified sampling

A

Stratification not perfect can’t reflect all ways people are different

60
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Select anyone willing available

61
Q

Strength of opportunity sampling

A

Convenient
Less costly

62
Q

Weaknesses of opportunity sampling

A

Unrepresentative only specific area can’t generalise

Researcher has Control over selection could be bias

63
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

People select themselves on news papers hand outs Notice boards

64
Q

Weakness of volenteer sample

A

Select themselves could be similar types of people can’t generalise

65
Q

Ethical issues

A

Conflict between what researcher need to do to produce useful research and the pps rights

66
Q

Informed consent

A

Should no the aim and what they are taking part in won’t be natural behaviour

67
Q

Deception

A

Deliberately misleading/withholding info said to be not given inform consent
Jusified if pp not caused harm

68
Q

Protection from harm

A

Pps not put ant any more risk than day to day living physical and psychological harm e.g embarrassment stress

69
Q

Privacy and confidentiality

A

Right or privercy - Control personal info about themselves
Confidently- right by the law data protection act

70
Q

5 ethical issues

A

Inform consent
Right to withdraw
Pricey and confidentiality
Protection from harm
Deception

71
Q

Non pps observation

A

Only watches does not interact with pp

72
Q

Pps observation

A

Part of group being watched unknown to pps

73
Q

Overt observation

A

People no being watched

74
Q

Covert

A

Unknown being watched may be informed after

75
Q

Controlled

A

Some variables regulated by researcher e.g naturalness of situation and behaviour

76
Q

Naturalistic

A

Behaviour studied natural situation no interference from researcher

77
Q

Strength of pp observation

A

Special insight into behaviour of group

78
Q

Strength of non pp observation

A

Be objective not part of group being observed

79
Q

Weakness non pp observation

A

Not understand type of behaviour

80
Q

Overt strength

A

Less ethical issues

81
Q

Overt weakness

A

Change natural behaviour

82
Q

Covert strength

A

More natural

83
Q

Covert weakness

A

Ethical issues

84
Q

Strength of naturalistic observation

A

Realistic spontaneous behaviour high ecological validity

85
Q

Weakness of naturalistic observation

A

Can’t control all variables

86
Q

Controlled observation strength

A

Sharper foucous on all aspect of behaviour

87
Q

Weakness of controlled observation

A

Less natural lack validity

88
Q

Questionnaires

A

Set of written questions understand people think and feel about topic used DV In experiments

89
Q

Open questions

A

Don’t have set of pre questions answer whatever they wish

90
Q

Closed question

A

Fixed number of responses eg multiple choice rate scale

91
Q

Improve questionnaire

A

Filler question- avoid finding out aim

Pilot study - small group questions refined

Sequence of sentences - easy then hard

92
Q

Quantative

A

Numerically

93
Q

Qualative

A

Words

94
Q

One tailed test

A

Performed when hypothesis is directional

95
Q

Two tailed test

A

Performed when hypothesis non directional

96
Q

Calculated value

A

Work out yourself using statistical tests

97
Q

Critical value

A

Compared with calculated value

98
Q

Probability

A

Result down to chance
Lest 95% confident (0.05)
Iv effect dv

99
Q

Significance

A

95% sure change in dv manipulation of Iv
Compare critical and calculated value

100
Q

Probability recorded

A

P=0.05 or p<0.05 it’s 5% or less

101
Q

Type 1 error

A

Accepting hypothesis you should reject
Flase +
To linent

102
Q

Type 2 error

A

Rejecting hypothesis you should accept
False -
To hard

103
Q

Nominal data

A

Consit of the number of pp falling into categories

104
Q

Ordinal data

A

Placed in rank order

105
Q

Interval data

A

Fixed intervals unit of measurement fixed throughout the range

106
Q

Standard deviation

A

Spread of data around the mean

107
Q

Strength of standard deviation

A

Precises measurment of dispersion exact measure take into account

108
Q

Deprative statistics

A

Table graphs show frequencies measure central tendency dispersion

109
Q

Inferential statistical

A

Test reported included calculated values/ significance levee

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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