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Psychology Paper 2 > Biopsycology > Flashcards

Biopsycology Flashcards

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1
Q

Localisation of function

A

Certain functions e.g memory have certain areas in the brain
Also known as cortical specialisation

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2
Q

Visual cortex

A

Occtipical lobe
Both hemispheres
Process visual info

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3
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Hearing
Temporal lobe
Both hemispheres

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4
Q

Motor cortex

A

Voluntary movement
Frontal lobe
Both hemisphere
Movement opposite side to body

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5
Q

Somosensory cortex

A

Sensory event in different areas of the body
Partial lobe
Both hemispheres

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6
Q

Broca area

A

Language Center
Patient tan
Speech production
Frontal lobe
Left hemisphere

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7
Q

Wernike area

A

Language Center
Understand speech
Right hemisphere
Temporal lobe

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8
Q

Motor neurones

A

Transmit messages from CNS toward organs and muscles long axons shot dendrites

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9
Q

Relay neurons

A

Connect neurons together
Short dendrite short axons

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10
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carry messages to CNS from senses possessed by the PSN long dendrites short axons

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11
Q

Endocrine system

A

One of the body info systems instruct glands produce hormones go to blood stream and target organ of the body

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12
Q

Glands

A

Organ body produce hormone e.g pinal testes Adrianl pituitary

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13
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messages produced gland circulate blood effect target organs
Testosterone

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Stimulate control and release hormones from pituitary gland

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15
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hormone - anterior ACHT - stimulate adrenal cortex release cortisol stress

Hormone - posterior oxytocin - uterus contractions at child birth

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16
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Hormone adrenal medulla - epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline - key in flight or fight

Hormone - adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol - release glucose give energy suppressing immune system

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17
Q

Overies

A

Oestrogen - regulation female reproductive system pregnancy MC

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18
Q

Testes

A

Male characteristics during puppetry promoting muscle growth

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19
Q

Hemispheric lateralisation

A

Each hemisphere has functional specialisations
Left hemisphere language
Right hemisphere produce basic words help emotional context
Spatial awareness

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20
Q

Evaluation of lateralisation

A

Not same throughout life changes with ageing
Lang more lateralised to the left hemisphere child to teen 25 lateralisation decrease
Can’t assume change

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21
Q

The Human nervous system

A

Complex network of cells that carry messages to and from the Brain and spinal cord different part of the body

Help all part of the body to communicate with one another

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22
Q

The Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord
2 functions - control over behaviour and regulation body physiological processes

Brain recieve info sensory receptors the send messaged to muscle and gland of body

Involves spinal cord nerves that are attached to the brain run the length spinal column

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23
Q

The spinal cord

A

Relay info between brain and the rest of the body

Brain can then monitor processes e.g digestion

It’s connected different part of the body connect muscles and glands

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24
Q

The cerebrum

A

Biggest part of the brain divide into 4 parts

Split down middle 2 half’s called cerebral and hemisphere

Hemispheres are specialised different behaviours 2 half communicate through corpus callousm

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25
Q

Cerebellum

A

Back of the cerebrum

Control person motor skills and balance

Abnormalities result in speech motor problems and epilepsy

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26
Q

Brian stem

A

Regulating the automatic functions essential for life include breathing heartbeat swallowing

Motor sensory neurons go threw brain stem so impulses pass between brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All nerves outside CNS make it up

Relay nerve impulses from CNS to rest the body from body back to CNS

2 division
Somatic NS
Automatic NS

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28
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary body movements
Nerves have both sensory and motor neurons

Involved reflex actions without CNS allow reflex to occur quick

Sensory relay message to CNS motor relay info from CNS to areas of body

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29
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Body carries out involuntary actions our action without conscious awareness e.g digestion

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Both regulate same organ but different effects due to neurotransmitter in the division

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30
Q

Sympathetic

A

Neurotransmitters = neuoradrenaline = stimulating effect

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31
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Acetylcholine = inhibiting effects

32
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Person experiences threat/stressful situations body react different ways

Heart beat dater breathing rapid muscles tense

Flight or fight help react quick to situations

Ready for fight or flight

33
Q

Process of flight or fight

A

Enter situation
Amygdala activates send signal hypothalamus
Active SAM pathway to SNS
SNS stimulate adrenal medulla
Release adrenaline noradrenaline blood
Causes psychological changes prepare Flight of fight

34
Q

Psychological changes in flight or fight

A

Increase heart rate - blood flow to organs movement of adrenaline in body

Increased breathing rate - oxygen intake

Pupil dilation - light entry eye enhance vision

Sweat production - regulate temp

35
Q

Strength of flight or fight

A

Survival mechanim for ancestors face life threatening situations

Stress from daily life active flight or fight negative consequences on health constantly active SNS increased blood pressure cause damage to vessel and heart disease

Matters because it’s a maladaptive response modem day life Belford human stress situations

36
Q

Weakness flight or fight

A

Freeze response

First response danger avoid confrontation all together demoed by freeze response
Hyper vigilant while deciding best way deal with situation

Can’t assume only bio reaction

37
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Found in receptor cells carry nerve impulses to spinal cord and brain

Nerve impulses translated sensations

Not all reach brain some stop the spinal cord allow quick reflex actions

38
Q

Relay neurons

A

Found in between sensory input motor out out

Found in brain and spinal cord allow sensory motor neurons communicate

39
Q

Motor neurons

A

found in CNS control muscle movement

When stimulated release neurotransmitter bind receptors on muscle to trigger response

40
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released from synaptic vesicle into synapse by neurones

Affect transfer of implode to a never or muscle

Each has own molecular structure fit perfectly into pre synaptic receptor sight

41
Q

Action potential

A

Occurs when neuron send info to axon away from cell body explosion of electrical activity

42
Q

Synaptic transmission process

A

Nerve impulse travel to axon of pre synaptic neuron

Reach’s synaptic terminal

Trigger release neurotransmitter vesicular into pre synaptic neuron

Neurotransmitter fired into synaptic gap

Neurotransmitter bind with receptor on dendrites of post synaptic neuron

If successful neurotransmitter back up by pre synaptic neuron (re uptake)

Message continue passed in this way via electrical impulses

43
Q

Excitatory

A

Increase likelihood excitatory signal sent to post synaptic cell more likely to fire

44
Q

Inhibitory

A

Decrease likely hood of neurons firing responsible calming the mind and body inducing sleep filtering out unnecessary signals

45
Q

Spatial summation

A

Large number Epsp are generated many different synapses on the same post synaptic neuron at same time

46
Q

Temporal summation

A

Large number EPSP generated same time by series of high frequency action potentials pre synaptic neuron

47
Q

Hemispheric lateralisation

A

2 half of brain not exactly the same have functional specialisations

Left is lang - analyser of lang
right produce words help work emotional context (synthesisr)

48
Q

Vision - hemisperic lateralisation

A

Left Visual field connect to right hemisphere

Right visual field connect to left hemisphere

Help see different perspectives

49
Q

Weakness of lateralisation

A

May not stay same throughout life time change with ageing

Lang becomes more lateralised to left increasing age with children age 25 it decreases decade of life

So we cannot assume lateralisation can’t change indervidual differences apparent at different ages

50
Q

Weakness of lateralisation

A

2 hemispheres have specialisations not suggesting have dominate side

Brain scan analysed over 1000 people 7-29 use different hemispheres different task but idea dominate side little evidence

Notion left and right brained people is wrong

51
Q

Strength of lateralisation

A

Recent supportive evidence lang is lateralised to left

Sodium Amytal injected in the side of the neck anesthised hemisphere pps recite diffent thing e.g days of week
Left anethised - mute and errors
Right - fewer error no mutism
Support split Brin Lang lateralised on the left

52
Q

Spit brain patients

A

2 hemispheres connect through corpus Collusm

Treat sever epilepsy docs cut never fibers formed the corpus collusm

Aim to prevent violent electrical activity accompanies seizures cross one hemisphere to other

53
Q

Sperry and Gazzangia split Brain research aim

A

Send visual info one hemisphere at a time
Only process info hemisphere or receives

54
Q

Split brain procedure

A

Patient fixat dot on the screen ( tachiscope) info presented quickly left or right Visual field

Make response left hand controlled by RH then right hand controlled by LH or verbally controlled by LH without being able to see what hands where doing

55
Q

Sperry gazzagaina 3 different experiment

A

Say what you see - pic presented to LH could not describe if pic present to RM they could

Tactile - object in left hand processed by RH not describe what they felt but identity it picking up another similar one

Drawing left hand control by RH clear better pics than right hand even though all right handed

56
Q

Conclusion split brain research

A

Number differences between 2 hemispheres left responsible speech and language and right visual spatial processing facial recognition support lateralisation

57
Q

Weakness split Bain research

A

Low generalisablity
Only examined 11 patient varying degree of epilepsy and procedure raely carried out

Don’t no if result can be applied beyond small sample epileptic patient og examined

58
Q

Strength of split brain research

A

High reliability developed highly controlled methods examine split brain

Used a tachiscope and devised serise of tasks examin functioning of the split brain

Matter his test consistently carried out demonstrated good internal validity and easy to replicate

59
Q

Weakness split brain research

A

Lang may not be restricted left hemisphere initially suggested

Case study JW able speak out of the right hemisphere speak about info presented to left and right hemisphere

Og finding not same for everyone result on hemispheric lateralisation questionable

60
Q

Brain plasticity

A

Brain ability to change and adapt because of experience

61
Q

Brain plasticity

A

Believe only in fancy and childhood rapid brain growth occurs

Research Brain makes neural pathways alter existing ones adapt result of learning

Little used pathways deleted more used strengthens known as synaptic pruning

62
Q

What shape our brain

A

Different experiences change neural organisation of the brain
Video games

63
Q

Plasticity result of video game

A

Kuhn - control group trained okay Mario 20 mins a day 2 months

Increase grey matter brain areas e.g cortex hippocampus cerebellum

Resulted new synaptic connections involved in spatial navigation working memory motor performance

64
Q

Plasticity result of life experience

A

Natural decline cognitive functioning with age

Boyke - evidence brain plasticity 60 year old when taught new skill juggling found increase grey matter visual cortex

65
Q

Strength of plasticity

A

Supportive evidence concept arise life experiences

See if enriched environment alter number neurons in the brain increase hippocampus rat that housed complex r environment than rat cages

Shows brain capable of change life experience shape certain way cognitively demanding environment

66
Q

Strength of plasticity

A

Evidence found in humans
London taxi drivers see if brain could be changed result extensive experience spatial navigation hippocampus larger correlated amount time spent taxi drivers

Suggest life experiences change shape structure brain

67
Q

Functional recovery

A

Transfer functions from damaged area of the brain after trauma other undamaged areas

68
Q

Mechanism for recovery neural unmasking

A

Called dormant synapses in Brian neurons that exist anatomically function is blocked

69
Q

Neural unmasking

A

Activation dormant synapses to compensate for damaged areas of the brain

70
Q

Axon sprouting

A

Undamaged axons grow nerve endings to reconnect neurons that links severs in damage

71
Q

Denervation super sensitivity

A

Axon do similar job become aroised higer level compensate ones lost

Negative consequence oversensitivity messages such as pain

72
Q

Homologous area adaptive

A

Brain behavior active equivalent part on opposite side if occur on right would move to left

73
Q

Strength of functional recovery

A

Supportive evidence stem cell recover brain after injury

Randomly assigned rat traumatic brain injury one 2 groups one had stem cell in brain that was hurt others received solution 3 month stem cell ray show clear neural development

Support stem cell improve functional recovery after an injury

74
Q

Strength of functional recovery

A

Supportive evidence educated person more likely show brain plasticity following brain injury

Patient collage degree 7X more likely those didn’t finish high school disability free 1 year after moderate severe brain injury

Form of cognitive reserve assist recovery improve functional recovery/brain plasticity

75
Q

Weakness

A

Cognitive ability age after brain injury recovery slower older u get
Studies suggested even abilities thought fixed childhood modified in adults intense retraining

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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