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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 8 statistical tests

A

Sign test
Wilcoxon
Related t test
Chi squared
Mann whitney
Unrelated t test
Spearmans rho
Pearsons r

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2
Q

Name 3 types of experimental design

A

Repeated measures
Matched pairs
Idependant groups

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3
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

States the direction of the results
Used when previous research suggests the direction

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4
Q

What is a Non-directional hypothesis

A

Direction of the results is not predicted when there is no previous research

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5
Q

What is the independant variable

A

The researcher manipulates this to see the effect on the dv

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6
Q

What is the dependant variable

A

Affected by the manipulation of the iv

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7
Q

What is random sampling give a strength and weakness

A

Every member in the target population has an actual chance of being selected.
Strength: is unbiased as all memebers can be picked.
Weakness: it does not guarantee a representative sample.

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8
Q

What is opportunity sampling give strength and weaknesses

A

The researcher goes to the first personhe sees and asks them to join.
Strength: takes less time
Weakness: bias, data may be unrepresentative

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9
Q

What is voluteer sampling give strength and weaknesses

A

The researcher puts up a poster or advert explaining the experiment and how to apply.
Strength: relatively easy as participants some to the researcher
Weakness: data may be unrepresentative

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10
Q

What is sytematic sampling give strength and weaknesses

A

List target popilation in a list eg alphabeitcsl order and picl the evry nth person eg every 5th person
Strength: unbiased
Weakness: may be unrepresentative

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11
Q

What is stratified sampling give strength and weaknesses

A

Smaller reproduction of the population eg gender, age, social class
Strength: representative therefore can be generalised.
Weakness: complete representation is not possible

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12
Q

Give a strength and weakness of repeated measures

A

Strength: No participant variables since all participants do all conditions.
Weakness: order effects participants are mrle likely to find out the aim.

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13
Q

Give a strength and weakness of independant groups.

A

Strength: no order effects
Weakness: There are participant variables as there may be differences in the groups.

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14
Q

Give a strength and weakness of matched pairs

A

Strength: no order effects
Weakness: difficult to match pairs exactly so participant variables are not completely eliminated.

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15
Q

Name 4 experiment types and what they do

A

Lab: takes place in a carefully controlled environment.
Field: takes place in the real world rather.
Natural: the iv is naturally occuring amd is not manipulated by the researcher.
Quasi: is one in which thr dv already exists.

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16
Q

Give a strength and weakness of lab

A

Strength: it is easier to control all the variables.
Weakness: lack ecological validity, meaning findings cant be generalised in the real world.

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17
Q

Give a strength and weakness of field

A

Strength: it has ecological validity
Weakness: lack of control variables

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18
Q

Give a strength and weakness of natural

A

Strength: Allows the experimenter to study areas where it is not possible to manipulate the iv.
Wekaness: lack of control variables meaning more likely other things affect the dv

19
Q

Give a strength and weakness of quasi

A

Strength: experimenter can study areas where it is not possible to manipulate the iv.
Weakness: cant randomly allocate participants to conditions so confounding variables may affect the results.

20
Q

What are the two ways of assessing reliability.

A

Test re test: involves giving the same participants the same test again after a time delay if the results are similar the test would be deemed reliable and vice versa.
Inter obsever reliability: measured by getting 2 observers toto observe tue same phenomena and see if the rating they gave was similar.

21
Q

What are the 4 types of validity

A

Ecological validity
Temporal validity
Face validity
Concurrent validity

22
Q

What is ecological validity

A

The extent to which findings can be generalised to other situations and settings

23
Q

What is temporal validity

A

Refers to whether findings can be generalised to other historical times and eras.

24
Q

What is face validity

A

Scrutinising (in detail) a measure to determine whether it appears to measure what it intends to measure.
‘on the face of it’

25
Q

What is concurrent validity

A

Involves correlating the scores from the new procedure with scores from an alternative procedure for which validity has already been established

26
Q

What are the 4 types of data

A

Qualitative
Quantitative
Primary
Secondary

27
Q

What is qualitative data give a strenth and weakness

A

Data in words
Strength: has greater external validityand providee meaningful insight.
Weakness: it is difficult to analyse

28
Q

What is quantitative data give a strength and weakness.

A

Data in numbers
Strength: it is easy to analyse
Weakness: narrower in meaning and may failto represent real life. Lacking internal validity.

29
Q

What is primary data

A

Is gathered first hand from the participants and is specific to the aim of the study.

30
Q

What is secondary data

A

Has been previously collected by a third party

31
Q

What is replicability

A

Procadured and findings should be repeatable(you can do it again)

32
Q

What is theory construction

A

Enables predictions to be madewhich cqn be translated into hypotheses and tested empirically.

33
Q

What is objectivity

A

Means that science should be based on observable phenomena and not personal opinion, predujices or emotion. Should not be affected by the scientists expectations.

34
Q

What is empirical methods

A

Are those which gain information through experiment or direct observation rather than by unfounded beliefs.

35
Q

What is hypothesis testing

A

Sciencetists control extraneous variables in order to the effect of manipulating the iv on the dv

36
Q

What is falsifiablity

A

The ability to shiw thay the theory is wrong

37
Q

What is the abstract

A

Provides the reader a summary of the study including its findings

38
Q

What is the introduction

A

Contextualises the research, provides background information.

39
Q

What is the method

A

States what is done in the investigation allowing replicationand will include standardised instructions.

40
Q

What are Results

A

Summary of findings

41
Q

What is discussion

A

Findings are discussed in relation to previous research.

42
Q

What are references

A

Informs the reader of sourves of previous research.

43
Q

What should you include in a consent form.

A

No pressure to consent
They can withdraw at any time
They can withdraw there data from the study
Their data will be kept confidential and anonymous
They should feel free to ask any questions to the researcher
They will be given a full debrief at the end of the programme

44
Q

Ethical issues

A

Consent
Right to withdraw

Psychology (3 decks)

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