Research Methods Flashcards
Name the 8 statistical tests
Sign test
Wilcoxon
Related t test
Chi squared
Mann whitney
Unrelated t test
Spearmans rho
Pearsons r
Name 3 types of experimental design
Repeated measures
Matched pairs
Idependant groups
What is a directional hypothesis
States the direction of the results
Used when previous research suggests the direction
What is a Non-directional hypothesis
Direction of the results is not predicted when there is no previous research
What is the independant variable
The researcher manipulates this to see the effect on the dv
What is the dependant variable
Affected by the manipulation of the iv
What is random sampling give a strength and weakness
Every member in the target population has an actual chance of being selected.
Strength: is unbiased as all memebers can be picked.
Weakness: it does not guarantee a representative sample.
What is opportunity sampling give strength and weaknesses
The researcher goes to the first personhe sees and asks them to join.
Strength: takes less time
Weakness: bias, data may be unrepresentative
What is voluteer sampling give strength and weaknesses
The researcher puts up a poster or advert explaining the experiment and how to apply.
Strength: relatively easy as participants some to the researcher
Weakness: data may be unrepresentative
What is sytematic sampling give strength and weaknesses
List target popilation in a list eg alphabeitcsl order and picl the evry nth person eg every 5th person
Strength: unbiased
Weakness: may be unrepresentative
What is stratified sampling give strength and weaknesses
Smaller reproduction of the population eg gender, age, social class
Strength: representative therefore can be generalised.
Weakness: complete representation is not possible
Give a strength and weakness of repeated measures
Strength: No participant variables since all participants do all conditions.
Weakness: order effects participants are mrle likely to find out the aim.
Give a strength and weakness of independant groups.
Strength: no order effects
Weakness: There are participant variables as there may be differences in the groups.
Give a strength and weakness of matched pairs
Strength: no order effects
Weakness: difficult to match pairs exactly so participant variables are not completely eliminated.
Name 4 experiment types and what they do
Lab: takes place in a carefully controlled environment.
Field: takes place in the real world rather.
Natural: the iv is naturally occuring amd is not manipulated by the researcher.
Quasi: is one in which thr dv already exists.
Give a strength and weakness of lab
Strength: it is easier to control all the variables.
Weakness: lack ecological validity, meaning findings cant be generalised in the real world.
Give a strength and weakness of field
Strength: it has ecological validity
Weakness: lack of control variables
Give a strength and weakness of natural
Strength: Allows the experimenter to study areas where it is not possible to manipulate the iv.
Wekaness: lack of control variables meaning more likely other things affect the dv
Give a strength and weakness of quasi
Strength: experimenter can study areas where it is not possible to manipulate the iv.
Weakness: cant randomly allocate participants to conditions so confounding variables may affect the results.
What are the two ways of assessing reliability.
Test re test: involves giving the same participants the same test again after a time delay if the results are similar the test would be deemed reliable and vice versa.
Inter obsever reliability: measured by getting 2 observers toto observe tue same phenomena and see if the rating they gave was similar.
What are the 4 types of validity
Ecological validity
Temporal validity
Face validity
Concurrent validity
What is ecological validity
The extent to which findings can be generalised to other situations and settings
What is temporal validity
Refers to whether findings can be generalised to other historical times and eras.
What is face validity
Scrutinising (in detail) a measure to determine whether it appears to measure what it intends to measure.
‘on the face of it’
What is concurrent validity
Involves correlating the scores from the new procedure with scores from an alternative procedure for which validity has already been established
What are the 4 types of data
Qualitative
Quantitative
Primary
Secondary
What is qualitative data give a strenth and weakness
Data in words
Strength: has greater external validityand providee meaningful insight.
Weakness: it is difficult to analyse
What is quantitative data give a strength and weakness.
Data in numbers
Strength: it is easy to analyse
Weakness: narrower in meaning and may failto represent real life. Lacking internal validity.
What is primary data
Is gathered first hand from the participants and is specific to the aim of the study.
What is secondary data
Has been previously collected by a third party
What is replicability
Procadured and findings should be repeatable(you can do it again)
What is theory construction
Enables predictions to be madewhich cqn be translated into hypotheses and tested empirically.
What is objectivity
Means that science should be based on observable phenomena and not personal opinion, predujices or emotion. Should not be affected by the scientists expectations.
What is empirical methods
Are those which gain information through experiment or direct observation rather than by unfounded beliefs.
What is hypothesis testing
Sciencetists control extraneous variables in order to the effect of manipulating the iv on the dv
What is falsifiablity
The ability to shiw thay the theory is wrong
What is the abstract
Provides the reader a summary of the study including its findings
What is the introduction
Contextualises the research, provides background information.
What is the method
States what is done in the investigation allowing replicationand will include standardised instructions.
What are Results
Summary of findings
What is discussion
Findings are discussed in relation to previous research.
What are references
Informs the reader of sourves of previous research.
What should you include in a consent form.
No pressure to consent
They can withdraw at any time
They can withdraw there data from the study
Their data will be kept confidential and anonymous
They should feel free to ask any questions to the researcher
They will be given a full debrief at the end of the programme
Ethical issues
Consent
Right to withdraw
