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Psychology Paper 1 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Lab Experiment

A

Experiment takes place in an controlled environment

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2
Q

Strengths of Lab Experiment

A

Increase the level of control, can determine cause and effect

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3
Q

Weaknesses of Lab Experiment

A

Reduce the level of ecological validity

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4
Q

True Experiment Definition

A

Control the variable under investigation, random allocation of participants to groups

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5
Q

Field Experiment Definition

A

Experiment takes place in a natural setting

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6
Q

Strength of Field Experiment

A

Increases the ecological validity

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7
Q

Weaknesses Field Experiment

A

Reduces the lack of control as environment is not manipulated, difficult to determine cause and effect

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8
Q

Quasi-Experiment Defintion

A

An experiment where the participants are not randomly allocated as the independent variable is a natural occurrence

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9
Q

Observational Research

A

Observation is method used to obtain data
Conduct case study

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10
Q

Case Study Requirements

A

10-20 ps - deep understanding of individual, rich data
- lacks generalization
Rare Characteristic - good explanation of behavior
- lacks generalizability

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11
Q

Naturalistic Observation Definition

A

Observe behavior in natural context - good validity & accuracy of information collected
- different to control, results in low reliability

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12
Q

Structured Observation

A

Researcher decides what behavior wanting to observe (behavior checklist) - generates quantitative Data

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13
Q

Unstructured Observation

A

Researcher records all behavior - generates qualitative and quantitative data

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14
Q

Non-Participants Observation

A

Watching everyday behavior as it happens, non-experiment method - observer bias

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15
Q

Participants Observer

A

Researcher joins in with a social situation to observe it without biasing the findings
Presence could make ps uneasy, and alter behavior if researcher doesn’t have authentic behavior
Unethical

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16
Q

Controlled Observation

A

Researcher has set up a situation, uses standard procedure
Not an experiment as no IV - Strange situations

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17
Q

Covert Observation

A

Participant unaware being observed - reduces demand characteristics
- ps act normal
- Unethical

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18
Q

Overt Observation

A

Participant unaware observed - more ethical
- leads to demand characteristics

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19
Q

Direct Observation

A

Observing behaviors as they happen

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20
Q

Indirect Observation

A

Watching events already collecting by others
Done though - video
- Films
- Adverts

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21
Q

Time Sampling

A

Observing act predetermining intervals over the course of observation
Provides time to record data
Allows longer periods of time

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22
Q

Event Sampling

A

Record every time an event happens over course of observation
Gives total frequencies for behavior
Can be very tiring for long observations

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23
Q

Samples

A

Group of individuals who take part in the study

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24
Q

Opportunity Sample

A

Need to provide the ‘where’ and the ‘when’
Quick & conventions
Biased by - when
- where

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25
Q

Random Sample

A

Need to provide how to obtain the list of target populations and how you will randomly draw participants
Should be representative behaves everyone in target population has equal chance
Can be difficult to find list of larger target population

26
Q

Volunteer Sample

A

Need to provide the means of advertising
Likely to be committed and complete boring tasks
Volunteers are often a ‘special’ type

27
Q

Snowball Sample

A

How will identify and approach initial contact
Only way to sample reluctant target population

28
Q

Questionnaire Research

A

Answering Questions
Surveys have the benefit of being able to access a large population

29
Q

Strengths Questionnaire

A

Collect large sample - generalizability
Quantitative and qualitative data

30
Q

Weaknesses of Questionnaires

A

Lacks validity
Demand characteristics
Social Desirability

31
Q

Interviews

A

Include a trained researcher asking face-to-face questionnaire

32
Q

Strengths of Interviews

A

Generate qualitative data
Explain questions

33
Q

Weaknesses of interviews

A

Demand characteristics
Social desirability
Difficult to analyse

34
Q

Structured Interviews

A

Asks a list of pre-determined questions and notes down the response

35
Q

Semi-structured Interviews

A

May have planned questions, but also ask spontaneous questions depending on response

36
Q

Unstructured Interviews

A

Asks questions that aren’t planned
Everyday conversation

37
Q

Correlation

A

There is a relationship between two/more variables
Relationship does not ensure cause & effect

38
Q

Strengths of Correlation

A

Measure the strength of a relationship
They are 1st step in research

39
Q

Weaknesses of Correlation

A

Can’t show cause, only relationship
Does not reflect curvilinear relationship

40
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A number from -1 - +1 indidicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables
Closer to -1 or closer to +1 the more strongly related variables are
Closer to 0, the weaker the relationship

41
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Means that the variable moves in the same direction as one variable increase, so does the other

42
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Means that the variables move in opposite directions
One variable decrease, the other increases

43
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

A statement of what will be found if the alternative hypothesis is not supported

44
Q

Two-tailed Hypothesis

A

Predicts change, does not specific direction - alcohol will effect reaction times
Used when no previous research has been done

45
Q

One-tailed Hypothesis

A

Predicts the direction in which change is expected to occur
Used when previous research has suggest the direction of change

46
Q

One vs Two

A

Researchers main hypothesis is known H1
Non-experimental study, it is typically called an alternative hypothesis H0

47
Q

Hypothesis

A

Includes making specific predictions of what will be found in terms of changing variables

48
Q

Aim

A

What they are trying to achieve

49
Q

Experimental Design

A

Has Atleast two experimental conditions or one experimental and one controll condition
Allows researcher make comparison between different values of the independent variable

50
Q

Repeated Measures

A

Participants used in all conditions

51
Q

Strengths of Repeated Measures

A

Participants variables are absent making it easier to determine cause and effect
Fewer participants needed

52
Q

Weaknesses of Repeated Measures Design

A

Risk of Demand characteristics are higher because participants have conditions they are more likely to guess the aim
Order effects

53
Q

Independent Measures

A

Where different participants are used for each condition

54
Q

Strengths of Independent Measures

A

There are no order effects as participant only do one condition
Risk of demand characteristics is reduced

55
Q

Weaknesses of Independent Measures

A

Participants variables is much higher
More participants needed

56
Q

Matched Pair

A

Each participant in one condition is represented by a similar individual with respect to key participant variable in the other condition

57
Q

Strengths of matched pairs

A

Benefits of independent, with the participant variable problem reduced

58
Q

Weakness of Matched Pairs

A

Matching process will take additional time, effort and requires pre-measurement

59
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A study that assess the same group of participants at intervals over an extended period of time

60
Q

Snapshot Study

A

A study that asses the same groups of participants at one point in time

61
Q

Cross Cultural Study

A

A study that assess different nationalities or cultures using the same measures

62
Q

Cross Sectional Study

A

Alternative to a longitudinal study where different participants are used to represent different ages

Psychology Paper 1 (3 decks)

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