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Psychology: Social approach > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a questionnaire

A

Respondents record their own anwsers to questions that are structured. Comes in written form and its not face-to-face

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2
Q

What is an advantage of using questionnaires

A

They can be easily repeated so that data can be colelcted from large numbers of people quickly.

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3
Q

What is a disadvantage of questionnaires

A

people may not always tell the truth, this might be because it’ll make them look unlikeable, so they lie to seem more likeable

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4
Q

Questionnaire: what is a closed question

A

Has a fixed number of possible anwsers
- provides quantitative data

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5
Q

Questionnaire: what is an advantage of closed questions

A

Easy to analyse because data is in numbers, can be summarised using avarages or graphs, making it easier to draw a conclusion.

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6
Q

Questionnaire: what is a disadvantage of using closed questions

A

participants may not be able to express how to truely feel due to low choice of anwsers. Therefore data is low in validity

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7
Q

Questionnaire: what is an open question

A

allows respondents to provide their own anwsers.
- produces qualitative data

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8
Q

Questionnaire: advantage of open question

A

Participants are able to express what they actually think rather than being restricted by multiple choice anwsers.

  • Increases validity of results.
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9
Q

Questionnaire: disadvantage of closed questions

A

More dificult to draw conclusions because there are likely to be a wide range of anwsers.

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10
Q

Questionnaire: What are ranked scales

A

type of closed question where respondents are asked to assess their views based off scales (1-5 or 1-10)

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11
Q

Questionnaire: ranked scales advantage

A

produces quantitative data which is easier to analyse making it easier to draw conclusions.

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12
Q

Questionnaire: ranked scales disadvantage

A

Participants may respond in patterns, like only selecting high numbers or only selecting the middle numbers.

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13
Q

What are the 4 different types of sampling

A

Random
Stratified
Volunteer
Opportunity

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14
Q

What is a random sample

A

sample of participants produced using a technique where each person has equal chance of being selected

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15
Q

Example of random techniques

A

giving everyone in a population a number and using a random number generator to selected a sample.

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16
Q

Random sample: Advantage

A

Gives an unbaised sample as all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected

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17
Q

Random sample: Disadvantage

A

often not random as some selected participants may not wish to participate, leaving the final sample to be more of a volunteer rather than random

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18
Q

what is stratified sample

A

participants selected from different subgroups in the target population based of the proportion of the subgroups frequency in that population.

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19
Q

example of stratified sample

A

If the target population contains 10% 18-20 year olds, then the sample should contain 10% 18-20 year olds.

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20
Q

Stratified sample: advantage

A

most representative sampling technique as..

  • all subgroups are represented in the same proportion as the target population
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21
Q

Stratied sample: disadvantage

A

this technique is subject to biase as as it leaves the researcher to pick out what subgroups they want.

22
Q

What is volunteer sample

A

asking participants to participate in the research

23
Q

Example of volunteer sample

A

advertising it on the newspapers

24
Q

volunteer sample: advantage

A

good way to find committed participants who are willing to see out time consuming studies, less likely to drop-out

25
Q

volunteer sample: disadvantage

A

volunteers may exhibit demand characteristics by guessing the aim of the experiment, trying to be helpful

26
Q

What is opportunity sample

A

asking people who are the most easily available at the time of the study

27
Q

example of opportunity sampling

A

asking people who are walking past you if they are willing to participate in an experiment

28
Q

Opportunity sampling: advantages

A

the most convinient way in gathering participants, you can use the people you find. Means that it takes less time to locate your sample.

29
Q

Opportunity sampling: disadvantages

A

Some participants amy refuse, leading to the same weaknesses as volunteer samples like participnats having demand characteristics.

30
Q

What is quantitative data

A

infromation in numbers

31
Q

quantitative data: positive

A

easier to analyse and draw conclusions from, for example you can see what age group done better on a test or what film had a higher rating

32
Q

quantitative data: negative

A

Collects data low in validity because it may not express participants’ feelings because the anwsers provided are fixed

33
Q

what is qualitative data

A

infromation in words or pictures

34
Q

Qualitative data: positives

A

holistic approach as it represents the true complexities of human behaviour, unlike numeric data.

35
Q

Qualitative data: negatives

A

this form of data has low credibility because of the fact interpreting data from this is likely to be subjective

36
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What are the 4 core principles of the BOS code of ethics

A
  1. Respect
  2. Competence
  3. Responsibility
  4. Integrity
37
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What is respect

A

recognises the inherent worth of all human beings regardless of difference in social status, race, sex etc

38
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

When applying this value (respect), what are some of the things should members consider

A

Privacy and confidentiality

Consent

Communities and shared values within them

39
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What is competence

A

The ability to provide specific services to a professional. Members should not provide professional services outside their areas of knowledge

40
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What sort of things must members consider when applying this value (competence)

A

caution in making knowledge claims

limits of knowledge and potential need to refer another professional

41
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What is responsibility

A

memebers must accept responsibility for what is within their power. awareness of responsibility ensures the trust of others is not abused

42
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What might psychologists consider when applying this value (responsibility)?

A

Professional accountability

Responsible use of their knowledge and skills

43
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What is integrity

A

means being honest, accurate and consistent with one’s actions, words, decisions and methods.

44
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct:

What might psychologists consider when applying this value (integrity)

A

Fairness
Addressing misconduct
Maintaining personal and professional boundaries

45
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

What are 2 ways in dealing with ethical issues

A

Risk assessment and management and consent and debriefing

46
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

What is risk assessment and management

A

Identifying potential physical or psychological harm to participants during a research study

47
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

What does risk management involve

A

weighing up the long term benefits of the study with short term risks of participants

48
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

How is consent gathered

A

Dealth with my seeking freely given consent by participants who have been informed sufficiently to be able to make a decision

49
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

How can consent be gathered from studies that don’t reveal the true aims

A

Give a brief about what participantion will entail and debrief them at the end about the true nature of the study

50
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

What right must be given to participants (consent and debriefing)

A

The right to withdraw from the study

51
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

What comitee oversees the risk assessment

A

Research ethics committee, they aprove a study before it begins

52
Q

BPS code of ethics and conduct (dealing with ethical issues):

Who is part of the Researcher ethics committee

A

Professionals and lay people

Psychology: Social approach (15 decks)

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