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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent variable

A

The thing the experimenter changes/manipulates. Always more than one

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2
Q

Dependent variable

A

The thing the experimenter measures

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3
Q

Extraneous variable

A

A variable which could have an impact on the DV

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4
Q

Aim

A

Identifies the purpose of the investigation

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement predicting the outcome of research

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6
Q

Null hypothesis

A

States there will be no affect on the DV

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7
Q

One-tailed hypothesis

A

Predicts the nature of the affect of the IV on the DV

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8
Q

Two-tailed hypothesis

A

There will be an effect but the direction isn’t specified

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9
Q

Sample

A

A section of the population used to represent the group as a whole

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10
Q

Random sample

A

Each person has en equal chance of being picked(random number generator)

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11
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Whoever is available and willing to participate

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12
Q

Stratified sample

A

Researcher identifies the types of people making up the population and works out the proportions needed for the sample to be representative

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13
Q

External validity

A

Do the results reflect what would happen in the real world(naturalistic observations have highest external validity)

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14
Q

Internal validity

A

Causation- are we sure we know what causee the results( experiments with control and randomisation have the highest internal validity)

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15
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent or dependable it is. A reliable test carried out in the same circumstances on the same participants should always get the same results

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16
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Behaviour is studied in a natural environment

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17
Q

Controlled observation

A

Behaviour observed in a controlled environment (lab) where the researcher can manipulate the iv

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18
Q

Overt observation

A

Participants know they’re being observed

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19
Q

Covert observation

A

Participants aren’t aware they’re being observed

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20
Q

Participant observation

A

Observer takes part in the experiment but their status is not made known to other participants

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21
Q

Non-participant observation

A

Researcher observes without taking part in the experiment

22
Q

Event sampling

A

Uses a checklist of activities which are tallied as they occur

23
Q

Time sampling

A

Behaviour as specified on a checklist is observed and recorded at a specific time intervals

24
Q

Observer effect

A

Refers to participants changing their behaviour when aware an observer is present

25
Q

Correlational study

A

A method where the researcher looks for relationships between variables

26
Q

Structured interview

A

Each person has the same questions in the same order and the researcher aims to get quantitative data

27
Q

Unstructured interview

A

Questions not prearranged data usually qualitative

28
Q

Questionnaires

A

A set of written questions with a choice of answers

29
Q

Open ended questions

A

Qualitative data can’t be answered with one word

30
Q

Closed questions

A

Yes no/ multiple choice etc…

31
Q

Rating scales

A

Participants answer a question by selecting a value to reflect their perception on a topic

32
Q

Likert rating

A

Measures the attitude of individuals . An attitude statement is given and participants have to choose the one that suits them best

33
Q

Social desirability

A

When participants answer questions in a way they think makes them look better

34
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Participants pick up on the aims of the study

35
Q

Order effects

A

Influence of the order of completion of conditions e.g getting bored or tired at the end

36
Q

Age bias

A

The study and its results are more inclined toward a certain age group

37
Q

Case study

A

Detailed research carried out over a period of time with the same group of individuals

38
Q

Confederate

A

An actor who participates in an experiment along with other actual participants, unknown to them

39
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Technique used to deal with order affects, each group takes part in conditions in varying orders.

40
Q

Ecological validity

A

Can the findings be generalised to real life and still be valid

41
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Bias toward one ethnic group or culture

42
Q

Experimenter bias

A

The researcher is biased towards certain results or observations in order to fulfill their beliefs

43
Q

External reliability

A

The extent to which a measure varies from one use to the next

44
Q

Face validity

A

The extent to which a study appears to do what it is supposed to do

45
Q

Internal reliability

A

The extent to which the results are consistent across the same measure

46
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

A method of measuring the consistency of a measure by assessing the measures of multiple different observers

47
Q

Population validity

A

The extent to which the sample is representative of the target population

48
Q

Temporal validity

A

The extent to which the results from an experiment remain valid in different time periods

49
Q

Type 1 error

A

Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis which is true(false positive)

50
Q

Type 2 error

A

Incorrectly accepting the null hypothesis(false negative)

Psychology (3 decks)

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