Core Studies(year 1) Flashcards
Milgram sample
40 men, self-selected, new haven newspaper ad $4.50 20-50
Milgram ethics
Deception(memory and learning)
Informed consent
Protection from harm
Dodgy right to withdraw
Did debrief
Loftus and palmer aim
To investigate the effect of leading questions on eye witness testimony
Loftus and palmer aim
To investigate the effect of leading questions on eye witness testimony
L&P research method +design
Lab experiment
Independent measures
L&P: exp 1 variables
IV: verb( smashed collided bumped hit contacted)
DV:speed estimates
L&P exp 1 sample
45 students into 5 groups of 9
L&P exp 1 procedure
7 clips of car accidents, had to answer questionnaire, critical question how fast the cars going
L&P exp 1 results
Smashed:40.8
Collided:39.3
Bumped:38.1
Hit:34.0
Contacted:31.8
L&P exp 1 conclusions
How the question was phrased did influence
People are not good at judging speed
L&P exp 2 variables
IV: verb( hit smashed or not asked )
DV: wether broken glass was seen
L&P exp2 sample
150 students 3 groups
L&P exp 2 procedure
1 min film 4 second car accident
Group asked how fast when_ each other or not asked
1 week later returned and asked more questions the critical one being did you see any broken glass
L&P exp2 results
Smashed 16 yes
Hit 7 yes
Control 6 yes
L&Pexp 2 conclusion
Leading question did actually alter memory
2 types of info
1= own perception at time
2= supplied after
Grant aim
Investigate the importance of environmental context dependency effects on learning
Grant research method and design
Lab
Independent measures
Grant variables
IV: silent or noisy conditions(reading)
Matching/mismatching conditions(test)
DV: short answer test/10
Multiple choice /16
Grant sample
39 ptts 17-56 yrs
17 f 23m
Opportunity sample
Grant procedure
All wore headphones
Silent didn’t hear anything
Noisy heard cafeteria noises
After 2min break short answer was given followed by mc in matching/mismatching conditions
Grant results
Matching: silent 6.7(short answer) 14.3(MC) noisy 6.2(SA) 14.3(MC)
Mismatching: silent noisy4.6(SA)
12.7(MC)
Noisy silent 5.4(SA) 12.7(MC)
Grant conclusions
Studying and testing in the same context leads to better performance
Silence performed slightly better
Milgram aim
To measure level of obedience to an authority figure
Milgram research method and design
Controlled observation
Milgram results
65% went all the way
All went to 300v( enough to kill)
14 refused to go all the way
Milgram results
65% went all the way
All went to 300v( enough to kill)
14 refused to go all the way
Milgram conclusion
All showed high level of obedience
Bocchiaro aim
To investigate rates of obedience disobedience and whistleblowing in a situation that was ethically wrong
Investigate accuracy of people’s estimates
Investigate dispositional factors in o d and w
Bocchiaro research method and design
Lab study
Bocchiaro sample
Exp group: 149 students 96f 53m self selected 7euros or course credit
Comp group: 138
8 pilot test groups:92 students
Bocchiaro procedure
Cover story- sensory deprivation on brain function, had very bad effects
Had to write a statement using adjectives exciting incredible
Experimenter left for 3 mins then they moved to second room to write statement or whistle blowing forms
Completed 2 personality tests and found out whether they had faith then debriefed
Bocchiaro results
Comp group: 3.6% said they’d obey 31.9 disobey 64.5 whistle blowing
Exp group: 76.5 obeyed, 14.1 dis 9.4 wb
No difference in personality test( hexaco and independent games measure)
Those with strong faith more likely to whistle-blow
Bocc conclusion
People are obedient
People overestimate blowing the whistle and underestimate obedience
Behaving morraly Is challenging
Whistle blowers tend to have more faith
Bandura aim
To demonstrate learning can occur through observation and imitation can occur in the absence of the model
Bandura hypothesis
Children shown aggressive models will show more imitative aggressive acts
Children shown non-aggressive models will show less aggressive behaviours
Boys more aggressive
Children will imitate same-sex more
Bandura sample
36 boys+girls 3-5 yrs from Stafford nursery school
Bandura research method and design
Lab
Matched pairs
Bandura variables
IV: model type
DV: imitative aggressive behaviour
Band model conditions
6 boys opposite sex
6 girls opposite sex
6 boys same sex
6 girls opposite sex
Both aggressive and non aggressive
Band procedure
Watched model(not control)
Second room told toys were for other kids
New room observed 20 mins one way glass
Imitation physphysical aggression
Imitation verbal aggression
Imitative non aggressive verbal
Partial Imitation:
Mallet aggression
Sitting on bobo
Non imitative a
Punching
Gun play
Non aggressive behaviour
Band conclusion
Aggressive models showed more imitative aggression and non imitative and partial imitative
Boys more aggression
Imitated male model more but girls female for verbal
Chaney aim
To see if funhaler can improve adherence to medical regime
Chaney research methods and design
Field exp
Repeated measures
Chaney variables
IV: type of inhaler
DV: adherence rates(self report)
Chaney sample
32 Australian kids 10m 22f 1.5-6 yrs with asthma
Chaney procedure
Completed initial questionnaire
2 weeks on funhaler second questionnaire
During time parent was called at random about whether kid had been medicated day before
Chaney procedure
Completed initial questionnaire
2 weeks on funhaler second questionnaire
During time parent was called at random about whether kid had been medicated day before
Chaney results
80% took 4 or more with funhaler (50 normal) 22/30 reported always been successful compared 3/30 normal
81% medicated previous day
68% reported pleasure 10 with normal
Chaney conclusion
Funhaler provides positive reinforcement leads to improved adherence
Funhaler could improve clinical outcome
May improve overall health
Sperry aim
Show each hemisphere possesses independent stream of consciousness and has own separate chain of memories
Sperry design
Quasi exp case study
Sperry variables
IV: hemisphere disconnection
DV: performance on visual and tactile tasks
Sperry sample
11 epilepsy split brain
Sperry procedure
Visual field: cover one eye stare fixation point image is presented for 1/10th second name and describe image
Tactile tests: both eyes covered object is placed in hand and asked to describe it or retrieve from bag of object
Sperry procedure
Visual field: cover one eye stare fixation point image is presented for 1/10th second name and describe image
Tactile tests: both eyes covered object is placed in hand and asked to describe it or retrieve from bag of object
Sperry results
Visual: rvf can be described in speech, lvf no speech yes writing
Tactile: verbally right hand, left hand no verbal,
Sperry conclusion
Each hemisphere works independently,and has no knowledge of what the other is doing
Casey aim
Asses whether delay of gratification in childhood predicts impulse control in their 40’s
Casey research method and design
Quasi
Repeated measures
Casey variables
IV: high/low delayer
DV: performance on impulse control task exp1 neural activity fMRI scans exp2
Casey exp1 sample
32 high delayers 27 low delayers
Casey procedure exp 1
Go/no go task cool version male female hot version facial expressions
Casey exp 1 results
Both high accuracy on go trials
Low delayers committed more false alarms no go
Hot task low delayers performed worse
Casey exp 2 sample
27 ptts from exp1 15 high 11 low
Casey exp 2 procedure
fMRI examine activity ventral stratum and inferior frontal gyrus to see if it correlated
Completed hot task
Baron Cohen aim
To devise a more challenging task to test for theory of mind.
Demonstrate that deficit in theory of mind is unique to autism/ aspergers by comparing with tourettes and normal
BC research method and design
Quasi
Lab and field
BC variables
IV: autism ts or normal
DV: eyes task performance
BC sample
A:
13m 3f normal intelligence
Normal: 25m 25f random sample
Ts: 8m 2 f referral centre normal intelligence
Freud aim
Give an account of boy suffering from phobia, prove oedipus complex
Freud research method design
Case study self report
Freud sample
Little hans horse phobia age 5
BC: results
Autsim group did significantly worse than control group in identifying emotions
BC conclusion
People with autism struggle to recognise mental states
BC procedure
25 b&w photos of eyes 3 secs and asked to choose between 2 mental states
Control tasks: gender of eyes basic emotion task
Freud procedure
Observed by father
Giraffe fantasy plumber fantasy and family dream
Freud conclusion
LH experienced castration anxiety and oedipus complex but resolved
Freud results
Horses fear = castration anxiety and fear of father( oedipus complex)
Freud plumber fantasy
Plumber replaces widdler and bum with new larger ones( identifying with father)
Freud giraffe dream
One large one crumpled.took smaller and sat on it (mother) large one cried out
