research methods

Question 1

what does DDRIPP stand for in ethics

Answer 1

Debrief
Deception
Right to withdraw
Informed consent
Privacy
Protection from harm

Question 2

explain Debrief

Answer 2

-participants should be able to ask questions at the end of the study
-allowed to know the results of the study
-publication,of how their data might be used

Question 3

explain Deception

Answer 3

-means decieving the participants in terms of not telling them the full aims of the study.
-telling and using their results when you havent told them the full aim
-should be informed on how their data is publicised

Question 4

explain Right to withdraw

Answer 4

-all participants have the right to withdraw when they give their consent
-they have the right to not answer any question

Question 5

explain Informed consent

Answer 5

-should be obtained before study
-given detailed info about study
-confirm with signature and date they understand t&c
-parental consent for children

Question 6

explain Privacy

Answer 6

-should not be named or identified when showing reults in a graph
-should not talk about performance with others
-respects privacy and confedentiality of the results
-all participants should remain anonymous

Question 7

What is the British Psychological Society(BPS)

Answer 7

provides guidance and principle for psychological research.

ensures research is done in a ethically acceptable way

Question 8

what is meant by Aim

Answer 8

a general statment of what the research intends to investigate the purpose of the study.
broad statement

Question 9

what is a Hypothesis

Answer 9

clear,precise,testable statemnet that states relationship between the variables to be investigated-predicts likely outcome of study

Question 10

what are the 3 types of hypothesis

Answer 10

directional

non directional

null

Question 11

what is meant by a directional hypothesis

Answer 11

states direction of the difference
“significantly more,less,lower,higher”

e.g. older people will have a significantly poorer memory than younger people

one tail

Question 12

what is meant by non-directional hypothesis

Answer 12

states there will be a difference but not what it is -not specific

e.g. there will be a difference in memory between older and younger people

two tails

Question 13

what are the 5 types of sampling

Answer 13

systematic , stratified , opportunity , random , volunteer

SSORV

Question 14

what is systematic sampling

Answer 14

researcher picks according to system like every nth participant in a list

Question 15

what is stratified sampling

Answer 15

target population is broken down into demographics

participants are selected from each demographic

Question 16

what is opportunity sampling

Answer 16

sample consists of whoever seems to be available at the time

Question 17

what is random sampling

Answer 17

every member of target pop has equal chance of being seleced

Question 18

what is volunteersampling

Answer 18

people who volunteer to be participants

Question 19

what is good and bad about random sampling

is it representative?

Answer 19

good- free from researcher bias=no infulence over who is selected

bad-difficult and time consuming
- not always representative=by chance all could be males

Question 20

what is good and bad about systematic sampling

is it representative?

Answer 20

good-free from researcher bias

bad-

usually fairly rep ,it would be near possible if all males were picked for e.g

Question 21

what is good and bad about opportunity sampling

is it representative?

Answer 21

good- conveniet ,saves time and effort

bad-researcher has control over selection of participants

unrep of target pop-participants are from specific area,cant be generalised

Question 22

what is good and bad about stratified sampling

is it representative?

Answer 22

good-avoids researcher bias,participants are randomly selected to make numbers

bad-

representative sample,accurately reflects the composition of the population,can generalise findings

Question 23

a good sample…..

Answer 23

-shouldnt take too much time as it impacts other resources

-needs to represent target pop. if it is rep then you can generalise from the sample to the target pop

• should rule out possiblility of researcher bias

Question 24

define operationalisation

Answer 24

clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

Question 25

define extrenuous variable and what are the two types

Answer 25

any variable other than the iv that may have an effect on the dv if not cotrolled

situational-noise,time of day,temp

individual-personality,age ,gender

Question 26

define confounding variable

Answer 26

any variable other than the iv that may have an effect on the dv so cant be sure of the source of change to the dv

e.g in mood experment dpont kow whether its due to plants or personality

Question 27

define demand characteristics

Answer 27

participants try to work out whats going on based on cues/clues

guess aims or how they should behave

behave in a way they think experimenter wants

sabotage and behave the opposite

Question 28

define investigator effects

Answer 28

any unwanted influemce of the investigator on the outcome e.g zimbardo told guards what to do but not to the prisoners

can be intentional-chosing participants,how you deliver instructions

can be unintentional-smiling at part.that do well,voice tones

this creates demand characteristics

Question 29

define experimental design

Answer 29

different ways in which the testing of participants can be organised in relation to experimental conditions

Question 30

what group is most common in experimental design

Answer 30

independant

Question 31

what group is most ideal in experimental design

Answer 31

matched pairs

Question 32

define independant group degign and the good amd bad bits and give example

2 completely different people

Answer 32

two separate groups experience two different conditions

good-reduces order effects

bad-participant variable, not very economical= random allocation aims to evenly distribute participant charachteristics using random techniques

e.g group1 have plants group 2 doesnt -should be compared

Question 33

Explain null hyposthesis

Answer 33

No relationship between 2 variables being studied

Results are due to chance and not significant

There will be no significant difference between the memory of old and young people

Question 34

Define repeated measures design and the good and bad and example

Answer 34

All participants experience both conditions

E.g each participant eoll have plants in room for a week
Condition a is experimental
Condition b no plants is control

Good- reduces participant variable
-fewer participants needed
Bad- order effect
- demand characteristics ,woll try to find aim of study and change behaviour

Question 35

Another way for repeated measures has weakness

Answer 35

Repeating two tasks could end up in deterioration in the second task cause of boredom

OR

Performance might improve on the second task cause they’ve had practice ,this creates a confounding variable

Weakness- order effects,demand characteristics

Question 36

Explain counterbalancing

Answer 36

Half the participants take part in condition a then b and other half take part in b then a

Partcipant 1 . A to B
Particopant 2. B to A
Participant 3. A to B

Question 37

Explain matched pairs design and what is good and bad and give example

Answer 37

Participants are matched on variables e.g intelligence
Then one particpant from each pair would be allocated to a different conditions
Helps combat particpant variables

E.g 2 smartest by iq go to group a and b ,go to different ones causetheyve been matched

Good- reduces order effect ,reduces demand characteristics

Bad- time consuming and expensive
Can’t be matched EXACTLY and should only have a small difference