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Psychology Paper 2 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Added attention of being in a study affects P’s behaviour

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2
Q

Greenspoon effect

A

Interviewer makes affirmative noises

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3
Q

Interviewer bias

A

Interviewer affects responses of interviewee

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4
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Experimenter affects results e.g. body language

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5
Q

Order effects

A

Extraneous variables in repeated measures design e.g. learning or fatigue

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6
Q

Event sampling

A

Observers decide on a specific event relevant to their investigation and record every time it happens

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7
Q

Time sampling

A

Recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame e.g. every 30 secs you look and record the behaviour observed

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8
Q

Lab experiment

A

Controlled environment
IV manipulated
P’s randomly allocated to conditions

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9
Q

Field experiment

A

Natural environment
IV manipulated
No control over extraneous variables

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10
Q

Natural experiment

A

Setting can be natural or controlled

IV not manipulated, based on unplanned, naturally occurring events (whether they have kids, been in a car crash)

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11
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Setting can be natural or controlled
IV not manipulated, based on pre-existing differences between P’s (age, gender)
Planned manipulation of IV

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12
Q

Pilot study

A

Small scale version of an investigation that takes place before the real one, allowing the researcher to check all the procedures, materials etc work and let them make final changes

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13
Q

5 Ethical issues

A 
Deception
Right to withdraw
Informed consent
Protection of participants
Confidentially
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14
Q

Three alternative ways of gathering consent

A

Presumptive- asking a similar group of ‘P’s’ if they’d agree
Prior-general consent- give consent to participate in multiple experiments, one of which being a deception one
Retrospective- asked for consent during debriefing

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15
Q

Confounding variables

A

Affect the DV and vary systematically with the IV (affect everyone in the same way)

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16
Q

Checking for reliability

A

Test-retest: conduct the test again and see if you get the same results
Spearman’s rho: test for a correlation

17
Q

Ways to improve reliability

A
  • Observers familiarise themselves with behavioural categories
  • Pilot study
  • Compare observers data with a correlation coefficient
  • Operationalise variables
  • Repeat
18
Q

Purpose of peer review

A
  • Allocation of research funding
  • Validate quality and relevance of research
  • Suggest amendments or improvements before publishing, or if it should be withdrawn
19
Q

Process of peer review

A
  • Sent to anonymous peer
  • Peer checks for: originality, validity, methods and design, results
  • Report can be accepted, amendments suggested or rejected
  • Final reports submitted to a panel and assessed for publication
20
Q

Inferential vs descriptive stats

A

Inferential- draw conclusions about how significant the data is (stats tests)
Descriptive- characterise and describe the data (mean, SD, etc)

21
Q

Problems with questionnaires

A
  • Overuse of jargon (technical terms which are unfamiliar to the participant)
  • Emotive language
  • Leading questions
  • Double negatives
22
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Naturalistic setting, investigator doesn’t interfere in any way, just observes behaviour present

23
Q

Controlled observation

A

Observing behaviour under controlled conditions

24
Q

Overt observation

A

Participants are aware they’re being watched

25
Q

Covert observation

A

Participants are not aware that they are being watched

26
Q

Structured observation

A

Researcher determines precisely what behaviours are being observed, uses a standardised checklist to record frequency of behaviours within a time frame

27
Q

Unstructured observation

A

Observer records all relevant behaviour but has no specific system

28
Q

Participant observation

A

Researcher gets involved with participant activity so they can experience it for themselves

29
Q

Non-participant observation

A

Observer mains separate from the participants

30
Q

Concurrent validity

A

The level of agreement between data produced by a new test compared to the established test (close agreement = correlation between two sets which is greater than +0.8)

31
Q

Abstract

A

First section
Short summary of whole report
Brief methods, aims, results, discussion, etc
Usually written last

32
Q

Introduction

A

Second section
Background research
Rationale for current research
Aims and hypothesis

33
Q

Method/procedure

A

Third section

Details of how study was conducted: design, materials, procedure, participants, ethics

34
Q

Results

A

Fourth section
What the study found
Any stats, facts, figures
Two types: descriptive and inferential

35
Q

Discussion

A

Fifth (penultimate) section
Researcher aims to interpret findings:
-Summary of results and explanation of what they show
-Relationship to prior research
-Considerations for methodology
-Implications for theory and irl application
-Suggestions for future research

36
Q

References

A

Sixth (final) section
List all of the information used in the report that is not the researchers own work
Allows researchers to be credited and prevents plagiarism
Order for reference: name (surname then first name initial); date in brackets; book title; place published; publishing company

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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