Research Methodology Flashcards
1
Q
Background Questions
A
- general knowledge questions
- learn about particular disorder/drug therapy
- impact of patients health and prescription/OTC drugs
2
Q
JADA
A
-author names: last name space 1st Initial of first and middle
have all names—if more than 6 then put et al
each name has a comma in between and period at the end
jr or sr follows after initials
- no credentials
- article—original style
- capitalize—1st letter of 1st word in title, proper names
- abbreviations are capialized
- abbreviate—journal title to pubmed
- year of publication w/ semicolon and then volume # and Issue # in parenthesis w/ colon and then page numbers
3
Q
Ethical Responsibility
A
- Meaningful
- Unbiased
- Statistically verifiable
- NO conflict of interest
- Obligation to publish
- Honesty and integrity
4
Q
How humans are protected in research
A
- Primary professional purpose
- Guiding principles
- Use of control groups
- Evolution of regulations for the conduct of research involving human subjects
5
Q
Personal Autonomy
A
- individual decide for himself what is appropriate
- guardians/parents
6
Q
Beneficience
A
- attend to well being of patient
- max benefits, minimize harm
7
Q
Justice
A
- fariness in research
- equal distribution of benefits/burdens
- fair selection
- no discrimination
- equal odds
8
Q
History of Regulatory Groups
A
- Nuremberg Code—voluntary consent
- Declaration of Helsinki—review of research
- National Research Act—regulations
- HIPPA—privacy/ confidentiality
9
Q
IRB
A
- institutional review board
- composition
- review
- expediated
- exempt
- guidelines
-5 members—not all 1 gender, not froms ame profession, one non science, one non affiliate
10
Q
Expediated Review
A
- non invasive procedure
- moderate exercise by adults
- faster
- chairman & 1 member
11
Q
Exempt Reviews
A
- surveys/interviews
- 2ndar analysis of coded data
12
Q
Informed Consent
A
- information elements
- consent elements
13
Q
Subjects be fully informed
A
- why selected
- confidentiality
- risks
- benefits
-use lay language—basic, clear, low education level and available for questions
14
Q
Consent Elements
A
- voluntary
- consider vulnerable subjects(kids, prisoners, students, elderly)
- freedome to withdraw
- form
15
Q
Informed Consent Form
A
- signatures= patient/subject, researcher, witness
- nonbinding agreement
- researcher is liable
-not needed for retrospective studies
16
Q
Pubmed/central keywords
A
- author names
- journal names
- mesh terms
- articles titles
- abstracts
17
Q
Peer Reviewed Journals
A
- sent to other scholars in same field
- looking for opinion on quality/ relevance to field
18
Q
Key Points
A
- efficient
- succinct
- interesting
- clarity
- grabs readers attention
- new ideas
19
Q
Effective Poster
A
-professional=
black/blue background w/ white type and yellow accent
white background w/ black type and blue accent
-font=
title=sans serif, bold
remainder= serif (times)
left justified
readable from 5-6 ft
20
Q
Poster—Title & authors
A
-title= informative and interesting—10 words or less
visible from 10 ft
-author= presenting author is first, senior author is last
21
Q
Poster abstract
A
- clear & concise
- background, hypothesis, materials/methods, summary, clin relevance
•IMRAD is an acronym for Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion.
22
Q
Evidence Based Dentistry
A
- ask
- access
- appraise
- apply
- assess
23
Q
PICO
A
- problem/patient
- intervention
- comparison
- outcome
24
Q
Why are measurements used
A
–Precision
–Prevents ambiguity
–Descriptive
–Decision making/conclusions
–Evaluate condition/response to treatment
25
1-Numeral
2-number
1-symbol/qualitative
2-quantitative
26
**n**oir
n-nominal---no real number
-no order, mutually exclusive
male vs female, right hand/left hand, old vs young
27
n**o**ir
- ordinal---1 propery of real number
- order
- pain scale---ICDAS
28
no**i**r
- integers---2/3 properities of real #
- no absolute zero
- farenheit and BP
- perio probing
29
noi**r**
- ratio---all properties of real number
- height and weight
30
1-reliability
2-vailidity
- measurement is repeatable
- reproducible/dependable
2-measuring what it is supposed to measure
---if high reliability doesnt always mean high validity
31
1-systematic error
2-random error
1-predicatable, consistent, biased, can correct for it----not a problem
2-change, unpredictable, impacts reliability
32
1-tester/rater
2-instrument
3-variability of measured characteristic
4-intra rater
4-inter rater
1-person performing measurement
2-actual instrument
3-parameter changes w/ time/conditions
4-w/in
5-between
33
1-Face Validity
2-content validity
3-criterion related validity
4-concurrent validity
1-measure waht its supposed to measure----scale/perio probe
2-survey, questionaires, interviews
3-most practical, objective, and sound
target vs gold standard
gutta filling vs new test material
4-measurement validated and criterion are taken concurrently---clinical measure of BG vs home kit
34
1-predictive validity
1-predictor of future criterion---DAT score for Dent school------caries risk assessment=predictive
2-pretreatment to decide action/treatment---perio probings for scaling
35
Validity of Change
- level of measurement
- reliability
- stability
- linearity
36
1-diagnosis question
2-therapy question
3-prognosis question
4-harm/etiology
1-blind comparison to gold standard
2-RCT\>cohort\>casecontrol\>case series
3-cohort study\>case control\> case series
4-RCT\> cohort\>case control\> case series
37
Case Reports/Case Series
- 1 patient= report 2 or more=series
- unique occurence/condition
- anaylze and understand factors important to etiology, care, and outcome of subjects problems
- discovers new relationships
38
Case Study Format
- medical history
- treatment plan
- lit review
- documentation
- data
39
Case Study Adv/Disadv
adv= no comparison group
unique circumstance
disadv= no control
no comparison group
no generalizability
40
Cohort Studies
- follows over time
- prospective= data collected in present/follow progress through treatment
41
Cohort Adv/Disadv
Adv- greater control
same subjects
good for multiple disorders
Disadv- not good for uncommon disease
time
expense
42
Retrospective
- look backward---exposed/developed
- more info source via databases
but you have no control or reliability of data
43
Case Control Study
-patients who have it CASE w/ people who dont CONTROLS
adv- easy to get ppl
rare disorders
analyzing w/ long latency
disadv- unclear time
bias
not proportional to population
44
Randomized Controlled Trial
-gold standard
-experimental group---exposure
-control group---placebo/no treatment
follow groups to determine outcome
45
1-therapeutic study
2-preventive trials
3-independent variable
4-subjects
5-Control Group
1-effect of treatment on disease
2-does procedure reduce risk of disease
3-manipulated by investigator
4-randomly assigned to groups
5-incorporated for comparison
46
1-active independent variable
2-attribute independent variable
1-manipulated by researcher---control vs new treatment
2-cant be manipulate dby researcher---characterstics---gender, age, occupation
independent variable is a combination of both
47
1-Random Assignment
2-blinding
1-each subject has equal chance of being assigned to a group
-assume equivalence but its not guarunteed
---random numbers table
2-validity, reduce biase, double blind( both researcher/ subject dont know whats happening)
48
1-ex vivo
2-in vitro
1-out of living
tissue
teeth/tissues
2-in flass
cell
amelo/odontoblasts
49
Ex vivo/In vitro Adv/Disadv
adv- more control
selective
multiple tests at once
disdv-applicable to real life?
no contributing factors---stress, diet, etc
