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Psychology - Research Methods > Research issues > Flashcards

Research issues Flashcards

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1
Q

The key to an experiment is that what is manipulated to see how it affects what?

A

An IV is manipulated to see how this affects the DV

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2
Q

The only thing that should influence the DV is what?

A

The IV

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3
Q

What should happen to any other variables that might potentially interfere with the IV or DV?

A

They should be controlled or removed

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4
Q

What are additional unwanted variables in an experiment called?

A

Extraneous variables

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5
Q

When is the ideal time to identify extraneous variables?

A

At the start of a study

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6
Q

What are extraneous variables that are easy to control described as?

A

‘nuisance variables’

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7
Q

True/False: ‘nuisance variables’ vary systematically with the IV

A

False

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8
Q

True/False: ‘nuisance variables’ may ‘muddy’ the experimental water so to speak but do not confound the findings of the study

A

True

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9
Q

‘Nuisance variables’ make it harder to do what?

A

Detect a result

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10
Q

Confounding variables do/don’t change systematically with the IV

A

Do

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11
Q

Participant reactivity is a significant __________ variable in experimental research and one that is very _________ to control

A

extraneous and difficult

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12
Q

In a research situation, participants will try to work out what is going on. Certain clues may help them interpret what’s going on. What are these clues (or cues) called?

A

Demand characteristics

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13
Q

What may demand characteristics help a participant do?

A

‘second-guess’ the experimenter’s intentions and the aims of the study

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14
Q

Participants may look for clues to tell them how they should behave in the experimental situation. What is this called?

A

Demand characteristics

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15
Q

What is the ‘please-U effect’?

A

Participants acting in a way that they think is expected and over-performing to please the experimenter

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16
Q

What is the ‘screw-U effect’

A

Participants acting in a way to deliberately under-perform to sabotage the results of the study

17
Q

Demand characteristics can lead to what effect on participant behaviour?

A

It no longer being natural

18
Q

Demand characteristics leading to participant behaviour not being natural is an extraneous variable that may affect what?

A

The DV

19
Q

What does an ‘investigator effect’ refer to?

A

Any unwanted influence of the investigator on the research outcome

20
Q

Give an example of what an ‘investigator effect’ can include

A

Any from expectancy effects, unconscious cues and any actions of the researcher that were related to the study’s design

21
Q

Actions of the researcher that were related to a study’s design that can be classed as investigator effects include…

A

the selection of participants, the materials, the instructions, etc.

22
Q

Leading questions are a good example of the power of ____________ effects

A

investigator

23
Q

What does randomisation refer to?

A

The use of chance methods to reduce the researcher’s unconscious biases when designing an investigation

24
Q

Randomisation in an experiment is an attempt to control which type of effects?

A

Investigator effects

25
Q

If an experiment involves participants recalling words from a list, why should the order of the list be randomly generated?

A

So that the position of each word is not decided by the researcher

26
Q

In an experiment where participants are involved in a number of different conditions, how should the order of these conditions be determined?

A

Randomly

27
Q

As far as possible within an investigation, all participants should be subject to the same what?

A

Environment, information and experience

28
Q

To ensure all participants are subject to the same environment, information and experience, what is done to all procedures?

A

They are standardised

29
Q

All procedures in experiments are standardised - in other words…

A

there is a list of exactly what will be done in a study

30
Q

What does standardisation mean about non-standardised changes in procedures?

A

They do not act as extraneous variables

Psychology - Research Methods (4 decks)

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