RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Question 1

is a tool used to gather data on a specific
topic of interest. When conducting a research,

Answer 1

research instrument

Question 2

When preparing an instrument, you must ensure that it is

Answer 2

valid and
reliable

Question 3

when it directly answers or addresses
your research questions.

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valid

Question 4

when it provides you consistent
and stable data over a period of time.

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reliable

Question 5

8 General Guidelines in Preparing an Instrument

Answer 5

1. Do a preliminary research by visiting your library or checking online sources.
2. Talk to a person who is knowledgeable in preparing research instruments.
3. Master the guidelines in preparing and administering each type of instrument.
4. Clarify your research questions. Be sure that your instruments will directly address your specific
   research questions.
5. Based on the data you need, decide on the number of people whom you want as respondents
   or participants.
6. Prepare the instruments using the appropriate format. Get model instruments, if necessary. You
   may visit Google Scholar to get samples of your intended instrument.
7. Edit your instrument.
8. Pilot your instrument to further improve its quality. After receiving the feedback from your pilot,
   make necessary revisions.

Question 6

contains planned questions which are used to measure
attitudes, perceptions, and opinions.

Answer 6

Survey

Question 7

contains responses directly related to each specific research
question.

Answer 7

Survey

Question 8

. It can either be in the form of an interview or a questionnaire

Answer 8

Survey

Question 9

here are three types of question that you can use when conducting a survey

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recall, recognition, and
open-ended.

Question 10

type of question ask for specific information such as years of service, age, and
address

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recall

Question 11

n type of question, on the other hand, ask for a response to a specific question
where options are given such as in the case of multiple choice, dichotomous (yes/no), and rating
scale format.

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recognition

Question 12

d type of question elicits brief explanations or impressions from the respondent.

Answer 12

open-ended

Question 13

is an instrument that allows the researcher to
qualitatively gather data.

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Interview

Question 14

Responses during an interview are usually

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open- ended

Question 15

4 different stages.

Answer 15

Pre-interview stage.
Warm-up stage
Main interview stage
. Closing stage.

Question 16

It is when an interview guide is prepared and respondents are identified and
contacted

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. Pre-interview stage

Question 17

It is the initial part of an interview when questions that will make respondents
more at ease are asked.

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Warm-up stage

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e. It is when the main question directly related to the research question are
asked

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Main interview stage

Question 19

. It is when questions are asked to wind down the interview and respondents are
acknowledged and thanked

Answer 19

Closing stage

Question 20

Compared with the interview, and is more
quantifiable.

Answer 20

Questionnaire

Question 21

lists written questions to get the specific information.

Answer 21

Questionnaire

Question 22

Response in a questionnaire are usually

Answer 22

dichotomous

Question 23

4 Parts of a Questionnaire

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Personal Information Section
Basic Question Section
Main Question Section
Open-Ended Questions Section

Question 24

includes the name (optional), age, date of birth, address,
educational background, and other personal information about the respondent

Answer 24

Personal Information Section

Question 25

serves two purposes. The first one is to establish that the person you
are asking is the right person for the study. The second purpose (which is only applicable to
interview) is to establish rapport with the interviews.

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Basic Question Section-

Question 26

contains questions that are directly related to your research. It is ideal
to have multiple questions for each specific research question

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Main Question Section

Question 27

The greater the number of
questions, the greater the possibility of more conclusive results

Answer 27

Main Question Section

Question 28

• asks for a brief explanation or response to an open-ended
  question

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Open-Ended Questions Section

Question 29

allows the description of behavior in a
naturalistic or laboratory setting.

Answer 29

Observation

Question 30

Usually this instrument is used to
cross-validate the result of other instruments.

Answer 30

Observation

Question 31

n is most useful when the answers to the
research questions require description of behavior and setting and
when the respondents cannot literally answer interview questions
and questionnaire for some valid reasons such as inability to speak
and write (e.g. infants, small children).

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observation

Question 32

6 Types of Observation

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Participant and Non-participant Observation

Structured and Unstructured Observation

Covert and Overt Observation

Question 33

type of observation allows the researcher to observe the subjects
without interacting with them

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non-participant type of observation

Question 34

type of observation allows the researcher to interact actively with the
subjects. In some cases, researchers immerse themselves in a group or community for a
long period of time.

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A participant type

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occurs when the researcher has a list of behaviors that he/she
wants to observe.

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structured observatio

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occurs when the researcher allows behaviors to emerge.
These behaviors are then documented through an in-depth narrative account.

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unstructured observatio

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occurs when the subjects are not aware that they are being observed

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Covert observation

Question 38

means that the subjects are aware that they are being observed.

Answer 38

Overt observatio

Question 39

a procedure undertaken
scientifically and systematically to make a discovery and
to test hypothesis

Answer 39

Experiment