Research Ethics

Question 1

Performing research is a…

1 word

Answer 1

Privilege

Question 2

Proper (insert answer) must be followed to maintain research privilege

Answer 2

Procedures

Question 3

What are the two “justifications” for scientific misconduct?

Answer 3

1. Pressure to research and publish (data that proves their research question)
2. Long and solitary working conditions

Question 4

What are the 6 Scientific Misconducts?

Answer 4

1. Fabrication/Falsification
2. Concealment
3. Plagiarism
4. Leaked Confidentiality
5. Authorship Battles
6. Publication/Grant Politics

Question 5

What are the 3 pillars of experimental ethics?

Answer 5

1. Respect for Persons
2. Concern for Welfare
3. Justice

Question 6

What are the 2 “categories” of research ethics?

Answer 6

1. Scientific Misconduct
2. Experimental Ethics

Question 7

What is the key obligation of researchers to?

Answer 7

To the participants

Question 8

What did experimental ethics evolve from?

Answer 8

WW2 war crime trails (Nuremberg Trials)

Question 9

What are the 3 pillars of international guidelines on experimental ethics?

Answer 9

1. Voluntary participation + termination
2. risk can’t exceed reward
3. investigators must be qualified

Question 10

What are the 6 critical elements of informed consent (that must be provided)?

Answer 10

1. Background (invitation to participate)
2. Description of Procedures
3. Potential Risks/Discomfort
4. Potential Benefits
5. Right to Inquiry and to Withdraw from the Study
6. Informed consent must be signed and witnessed

Question 11

The potential benefits of informed consent should include what 2 benefits?

Answer 11

1. The direct benefits from participation
2. The indirect benefits

Question 12

How should researchers list the potential risks of an experiment during the informed consent process?

Answer 12

From the certain risks, to the probable risks, to the possible ones.

Question 13

What are participants basic rights?

6 points

Answer 13

1. Informed consent
2. Privacy & non-participation
3. Anonymity
4. Confidentiality
5. Safe and competent treatment
6. Knowledge of results

Question 14

What are the 9 steps of Ethical Decision Making?

Answer 14

1. Develop ethical sensitivity
2. Consult code of ethics
3. Search ethic literature
4. Develop self-awareness
5. Apply ethical principles
6. Develop alternative courses of action
7. Consult with mentors & colleagues
8. Take action
9. Reflect on the results of your action

Question 15

When does ethical decision making occur in the research process?

Answer 15

Before the research has begun, or even fully proposed

Question 16

What are the 2 aspects of Experimental Validity?

Answer 16

1. Internal Validity
2. External Validity

Question 17

Define Internal Validity

Answer 17

The likelihood that a studies findings are “valid” or that an association is present, and the data is “correct”.

Question 18

Define External Validity

Answer 18

Ability to generalize study findings to other populations. Also has to do with the ability to repeat the findings of a study.

Question 19

Threats to Internal Validity:

10 points

Answer 19

1. Instrument Accuracy
2. Learning
3. History
4. Maturation
5. Mortality
6. Statistical Regression
7. Selection Bias
8. Placebo Effect
9. Halo Effect
10. Hawthorne Effect

Question 20

What is the Halo Effect?

Question 21

What is the Hawthorne Effect?