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Research Methods in Health > Research Designs, Levels of Evidence and Reporting Appraisal > Flashcards

Research Designs, Levels of Evidence and Reporting Appraisal Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Intervention study used for?

A

When researchers want to test the effectiveness of a treatment on a measure of patient health, wellbeing or function, or any measureable outcome.

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2
Q

What are observational studies?

A

These are used to research how disease and death occur in populations and to identify risk factors for good and bad health.

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3
Q

What is a variable?

A

It is any quality, characteristic or feature that is observable and measurable, and can have more than one value or result.

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4
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

During experimental research, it is the treatment or the intervention, which is presumed to cause a treatment effect.

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5
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

During research, this is generally the outcome, and what is presumed to be affected by the treatment.

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6
Q

What does co-vary mean?

A

It refers to when the variables on one value change, so too do values on the other

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7
Q

Summarise the effect of variables

A

Its the effect of treatment (independent variable) on the patients condition (dependent variable)

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8
Q

What is a case series study design?

A

This involves giving a treatment to a group of participants (or one person) and then measuring the outcome. e.g headache pill and testing the severity

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9
Q

What differences are in an experimental design?

A

This improves on a case series, by adding an EXTRA group that does not receive the intervention (usually nothing, or placebo)

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10
Q

What is a non-randomised trial?

A

This is a NHMRC level 3 evidence, and has two groups. Each group is assessed twice on the outcome; pre and post, with one group (treatment) receives the treatment while the other (control group) receives nothing/placebo

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11
Q

What is a randomised control trial?

A

Similar experiment design as a non-randomised, but participants are allocated to intervention or control randomly, allowing equal change to be in either.

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12
Q

What is an observational study?

A

A variant of quantitative study design where there is no deliverate intervention by the researchers, often passively observing real world changes or effects.

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13
Q

What are three types of epidemiological observational studies?

A

Cohort study, Case-control study, and Screening Studies.

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14
Q

Diagnosis and assessments must be accurate because?

A

It is essential that patients are getting the correct treatment.

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15
Q

What do prognostic studies provide?

A

They provide evidence about how diseases progress, again enabling clinicians to make better decisions.

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16
Q

What is bias?

A

Any threat to validity that could mislead interpretation of the results.

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17
Q

Is bias systematic? T/F

A

TRUE; generally operating in a consistent rather than random way.

18
Q

What does the levels of evidence indicate?

A

The amount of risk or bias in the research/reporting. Lower number = lower risk/bias

19
Q

What is level 1 evidence?

A

A systematic review of level 2 studies

20
Q

What is level 2 evidence?

A

A randomised control trial

21
Q

What is level 3-1 evidence?

A

A non-randomised control trial

22
Q

What is level 3-2 evidence?

A

A comparative study with concurrent controls (non-randomised experimental trial, cohort study, case-control study and interrupted time series w/ control group)

23
Q

What is level 3-3 evidence?

A

A comparative study without concurrent controls (historical control study, two or more single aim studies, interrupted time series…)

24
Q

What is level 4 evidence?

A

Case series with either a post test or pre test/post test outcomes

25
Q

Does the levels of evidence eliminate all bias? T?F

A

FALSE; its only one aspect of bias in research

26
Q

What is critical appraisal?

A

The process of assessing and interpreting evidence, by systematically considering its validity, results and relevance to your own context.

27
Q

Why are causal relationships important?

A

They help us understand what causes disorders, whether treatments improve health

28
Q

What is an inference?

A

This is a decision or conclusion about truth based on evidence

29
Q

What is a causal inference?

A

These are inferences about a causal relationship (concludes that one event causes another)

30
Q

What are the three principles of causality?

A

Contiguity in time and space, Causes precede effects and constant conjunction.

31
Q

Is cause and effect good proof?

A

No, as it cannot be proven because observation alone gives us no way to show that constant conjunction will always happen.

32
Q

Explain necessity and sufficiency (mills method)

A

A causes B because B happens if and only if A happens.

33
Q

Expand on method of agreement?

A

Sufficient! means its enough to A to happen for B also to happen

34
Q

Expand on methods of difference

A

Necessary! means that A must happen for B to happen

35
Q

When does a direct casual relationship happen?

A

When one event causes another without any intervening events

36
Q

When does indirect causation happen

A

when a chain of events separates an initial cause from a final cause, often happens in development of disease or major accidents.

37
Q

Explain a spurious causation

A

This occurs when one event appears to cause another event but really it doesnt. These relationships are a particular risk to cause inferences in healthcare

38
Q

What is a moderator effect?

A

Moderator realtiionship occurs when the strength of the relationship between two events depends on another event.

39
Q

What is a moderator effect?

A

Moderator realtiionship occurs when the strength of the relationship between two events depends on another event.

40
Q

What are the principles for establishing causation from evidence?

A

Time, Strength of association/correlation, dose-response for clinical trials, replication of findings, plausability and When cause removed or not present, effect does not happen (as per mill).

41
Q

What is aetiology?

A

The cause of disease

42
Q

What does CONSORT stand for?

A

Consolidated Stands of Reporting Trials

Research Methods in Health (13 decks)

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