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Research Methods in Health > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What does high-quality evidence help guide in healthcare?

A

Clinical Practice, Public Health, Policies, and Administration

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2
Q

What are examples of knowledge that Health practitioners should know?

A
  • Know which treatments work and which don’t
  • Know why some people get sick or injured when others don’t
  • Know why some people die earlier than others
  • Diagnose and assess patients’ conditions accurately
  • Keep up to date with new and better ways to doing things
  • Fix disagreements about best ways to do things
  • Base their decisions on high quality evidence from research
  • Solve new problems where current knowledge is inadequate
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3
Q

What is reflective healthcare?

A

Reflective healthcare involves thinking about what we’re doing.

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4
Q

What is an empirical basis?

A

Empirical means “real world” and its basis is on experiments, observations and experiences.

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5
Q

What is research?

A

The act of deliberately finding or collecting information, either through databases and sources, or discovering new information.

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6
Q

What factors contribute to the “research kitchen”

A

How studies are designed, how samples are chosen, and measurements. Reasoning of the study, the setup, samples used, measurements and how its reported.

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7
Q

Scientific information thats expressed statistically is referred to as?

A

Quantitative research

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8
Q

Scientific research that presents findings in words

A

Qualitative research

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9
Q

What factors can contribute to good research?

A

Is interesting – people care about it
 Builds on earlier knowledge, what’s already known
 Is intellectually honest and ethical
 Results are true and consistent
 Validity and reliability – accurate, consistent and dependable
 Can be generalised – results are widely applicable, not limited to that study
 Is based on sound reasoning and logic – it all makes sense
 Investigates why, not just what happens – it’s about ideas and concepts
 Has a useful outcome – is practical, can be put to use
 Gain in knowledge; new ideas; insights
 Addressed a practical problem – real-world applications
 Can be replicated – repeated by others and results checked

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10
Q

What are the three main types of quantitative research?

A

Intervention studies, Observational studies, and Systematic Reviews.

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11
Q

Intervention studies consist of…

A

researchers deliberately setting up a change. They intervene and then measure what happens as a result of change.

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12
Q

Observational Studies consist of

A

understanding the association between events, peoples characteristics, their environment, and behaviour.

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13
Q

Briefly, a systematic review is…

A

A study of other studies, with data taken from multiple, eligible sources that become combined to arrive at a summary conclusion, creating a stronger result than for the individual studies.

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14
Q

What is the aim of qualitative methodologies?

A

To seek in-depth information about people’s personal experiences as they perceive them and to expand on their context. Often intentionally non-scientific.

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15
Q

What does PICO mean?

A

Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome

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16
Q

What is research?

A

An organised process of inquiry, often including an aim or plan to gain new knowledge

17
Q

What is methodology?

A

The overall approach that is chosen when conducting research, with the major two being quantitative and qualitative.

18
Q

What is the method?

A

How the research is actually done, including procedures, actions or processes.

19
Q

What is commonly found in a journal article?

A

An introduction, methods, results and discussion

20
Q

What are the types of validity?

A

Internal, External and Measurement

21
Q

Validity is…

A

The quality of being well-founded on fact, or established on sound principles and thoroughly applicable to the case or circumstances, soundness and strength.

22
Q

In scientific research validity…

A

refers to the match between the research conclusion and the real world.

23
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The truth and accuracy of conclusions from one study or a set of studies combined into one study (i.e systematic review). It is also about whether one thing causes another.

24
Q

What is external validity?

A

It is whether experimental conclusions apply beyond the study, that is, whether they apply to the population from which the samples were drawn.

25
Q

Generalisability is…

A

extending sample results to the same population from which the sample was drawn, similar situations or practice contexts.

26
Q

Applicability is…

A

Whether results apply to other populations and contexts. i.e. Different populations but not exactly the same type from a study.

27
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

The principle follows as, “anything new works”, at least temporarily. Suggests that the presence of any intervention, rather than a specific intervention can lead to improvement

28
Q

What does the Hawthorne effect impact?

A

It affects external validity, as it allows interventions to be later used but without research context.

29
Q

What is the risk of the Hawthorne effect?

A

It risks research as it can cause participants to modify their behaviour because they know they are being studied

30
Q

What is the Rosenthal effect?

A

Where high expectations alone can lead to better performance, often encouraged to reach the desired answer.

31
Q

What is Measurement Validity?

A

Whether measurements accurately measure what they were intended to.

32
Q

A general criteria for evidence quality is?

A

Validity, Generalisability and Applicability

33
Q

Clinical practice guidelines are?

A

Statements that include recommendations intended to optimise patient care that are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and harms of alternative care options

34
Q

What are some criteria for the GRADE system?

A

Study limitations – design and procedures
* Consistency of results – within and between studies
* Directness of evidence
* Direct: Two treatments compared in same study
* Indirect: Two treatments each compared with placebo in separate studies – not
as good as direct
* Precision of estimates of how well treatment works
* Bias in choice of publications, selective publication
* Size of the effect, large enough?
* Possible confounding factors confusing the results
* Dose-response gradient
How much treatment for a given amount of benefit?

35
Q

Types of reporting tools?

A

CONSORT, STARD, PRISMA, EQUATOR and CASP

36
Q

What are the 5 types of research methodologies?

A

Intervention studies, Observational studies, Action research, Qualitative research and Systematic reviews.

37
Q

Methodologies are

A

quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods and study designs.

Research Methods in Health (13 decks)

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