research designs (how do we generate knowledge) Flashcards
what are the qualitative research designs
1.descriptive
2. survey
3. correlational
4.experimental
5. quasi-experimental
what is the purpose of descriptive research
understand phenomenon, situation, or population without manipulation of variables
what are the characteristics of descriptive research
-observe and measure variables to investigate
-identify characteristics, categories and trends
-understand human behaviour
what is the purpose of survey research
measure thoughts, perceptions, attitudes, personality, emotions and behaviours
what are the characteristics of survey
-self-reported by participants
-susceptible to response biases
what are the types of surveys
1.cross-sectional
2.longitudinal
what is a cross-sectional survey
study at one point in time
-small sample from larger population
-measure opinion in one particular situation
what is a longitudinal survey
study conducted at various durations over extended period of time
what are the types of longitudinal survey and what are they
trend survey
-understand how responses change overtime
panel survey
-same group of people over years
cohort survey
-specific categories of people
what is the purpose of correlational research
identify relationships between 2 variables with no influence from extraneous variable
what are the characteristics of correlational
- non-experimental
-recognize patterns and trends in feedback gathered
what are the types of correlation and what are they
positive correlation
-both variables change in the same direction
negative correlation
-variables change iin opposite direction
zero correlation
-no relationship between the variables
what is the purpose of experimental research
measure effect of one or more independent variable on one or more dependent variable
what are the characteristics of experimental
-only research design that allows for causal inferences to be made
-conduct set of procedures to test hypothesis
-variables are manipulated by researcher
-random assignment of intervention
-result of intervention measured
purpose of quasi-experimental research
identify cause and effect relationship between independent and dependent variable
characteristics of quasi-experimental research
-purposeful assignment of subjects
-employed when true experiment cannot be done due to practical or ethical reasons
-high external validity - involves real-world interventions not lab
what are the qualitative research designs
1.phenomenology
2. ethnography
3.grounded theory
4. historical
5. case study
6. action research
what is the purpose of phenomenology
describe meaning that experiences have for each subject
what are the characteristics of phenomenology
-examine human experiences through descriptions provided by people involved (lived experiences)
-useful in area with little previous knowledge
purpose of ethnography
development of cultural theories by data analyzing pattern of culture
characteristics fo ethnography
-interviews with key informants and participant observation
-simultaneous data collection and analysis
types of ethnographies
-open or closed
-overt or covert
-active or passive
how are ethnographies evaluated
- substantive contribution
- aesthetic merit
3.reflexivity
4.impact
5.expresses a reality
what is bracketing
when researchers realize their own biases and beliefs and put them aside to understand others lived experiences
purpose of grounded theory
data collected and analyzed to develop a theory
(theory grounded in data)
characteristics of grounded theory
-inductive and deductive approaches
-constant comparison between new and previous data
-generates hypotheses not for hypothesis testing
purpose of historical research
identification, location, evaluation and synthesis of data from the past to relate past events to present and future
characteristics of historical
-data from documents, relics, artifacts
-primary sources when possible
-external vs internal criticism
what is external criticism
concerned with the genuiness and authenticity of data
-considered first
what is internal criticism
concerned with the accuracy of data
-considered second
what is a primary source
original
-made during or close to time of event
-factual - not analysis or interpretation
what is a secondary source
not original
-analyses or interprets primary source
-second-hand account of event
purpose of case study
in depth examination of people, groups or institutions
characteristics of case study
-quantitative or qualitative (depends on purpose and design)
-generates hypotheses not tests hypotheses
-can be time consuming
purpose of action research
seeks action to improve practice and study the effects of the action that was taken
characteristics of action research
-implementation of solutions occurs as part of research process
-no goal to generalize findings of study
what is a participatory action research (PAR) study
-type of action research
-community based research where participants and researchers collaborate as co-researchers
what is deductive inquiry
-more general to more specific
-phenomenon is observed then theory is developed to explain it then theory is tested
what is inductive inquiry
-more specific observations to broader generalizations and theories
-make observation then pattern then hypothesis then come up with a theory
