research designs (how do we generate knowledge)

Question 1

what are the qualitative research designs

Answer 1

1.descriptive
2. survey
3. correlational
4.experimental
5. quasi-experimental

Question 2

what is the purpose of descriptive research

Answer 2

understand phenomenon, situation, or population without manipulation of variables

Question 3

what are the characteristics of descriptive research

Answer 3

-observe and measure variables to investigate
-identify characteristics, categories and trends
-understand human behaviour

Question 4

what is the purpose of survey research

Answer 4

measure thoughts, perceptions, attitudes, personality, emotions and behaviours

Question 5

what are the characteristics of survey

Answer 5

-self-reported by participants
-susceptible to response biases

Question 6

what are the types of surveys

Answer 6

1.cross-sectional
2.longitudinal

Question 7

what is a cross-sectional survey

Answer 7

study at one point in time
-small sample from larger population
-measure opinion in one particular situation

Question 8

what is a longitudinal survey

Answer 8

study conducted at various durations over extended period of time

Question 9

what are the types of longitudinal survey and what are they

Answer 9

trend survey
-understand how responses change overtime
panel survey
-same group of people over years
cohort survey
-specific categories of people

Question 10

what is the purpose of correlational research

Answer 10

identify relationships between 2 variables with no influence from extraneous variable

Question 11

what are the characteristics of correlational

Answer 11

• non-experimental
  -recognize patterns and trends in feedback gathered

Question 12

what are the types of correlation and what are they

Answer 12

positive correlation
-both variables change in the same direction
negative correlation
-variables change iin opposite direction
zero correlation
-no relationship between the variables

Question 13

what is the purpose of experimental research

Answer 13

measure effect of one or more independent variable on one or more dependent variable

Question 14

what are the characteristics of experimental

Answer 14

-only research design that allows for causal inferences to be made
-conduct set of procedures to test hypothesis
-variables are manipulated by researcher
-random assignment of intervention
-result of intervention measured

Question 15

purpose of quasi-experimental research

Answer 15

identify cause and effect relationship between independent and dependent variable

Question 16

characteristics of quasi-experimental research

Answer 16

-purposeful assignment of subjects
-employed when true experiment cannot be done due to practical or ethical reasons
-high external validity - involves real-world interventions not lab

Question 17

what are the qualitative research designs

Answer 17

1.phenomenology
2. ethnography
3.grounded theory
4. historical
5. case study
6. action research

Question 18

what is the purpose of phenomenology

Answer 18

describe meaning that experiences have for each subject

Question 19

what are the characteristics of phenomenology

Answer 19

-examine human experiences through descriptions provided by people involved (lived experiences)
-useful in area with little previous knowledge

Question 20

purpose of ethnography

Answer 20

development of cultural theories by data analyzing pattern of culture

Question 21

characteristics fo ethnography

Answer 21

-interviews with key informants and participant observation
-simultaneous data collection and analysis

Question 22

types of ethnographies

Answer 22

-open or closed
-overt or covert
-active or passive

Question 23

how are ethnographies evaluated

Answer 23

1. substantive contribution
2. aesthetic merit
   3.reflexivity
   4.impact
   5.expresses a reality

Question 24

what is bracketing

Answer 24

when researchers realize their own biases and beliefs and put them aside to understand others lived experiences

Question 25

purpose of grounded theory

Answer 25

data collected and analyzed to develop a theory
(theory grounded in data)

Question 26

characteristics of grounded theory

Answer 26

-inductive and deductive approaches
-constant comparison between new and previous data
-generates hypotheses not for hypothesis testing

Question 27

purpose of historical research

Answer 27

identification, location, evaluation and synthesis of data from the past to relate past events to present and future

Question 28

characteristics of historical

Answer 28

-data from documents, relics, artifacts
-primary sources when possible
-external vs internal criticism

Question 29

what is external criticism

Answer 29

concerned with the genuiness and authenticity of data
-considered first

Question 30

what is internal criticism

Answer 30

concerned with the accuracy of data
-considered second

Question 31

what is a primary source

Answer 31

original
-made during or close to time of event
-factual - not analysis or interpretation

Question 32

what is a secondary source

Answer 32

not original
-analyses or interprets primary source
-second-hand account of event

Question 33

purpose of case study

Answer 33

in depth examination of people, groups or institutions

Question 34

characteristics of case study

Answer 34

-quantitative or qualitative (depends on purpose and design)
-generates hypotheses not tests hypotheses
-can be time consuming

Question 35

purpose of action research

Answer 35

seeks action to improve practice and study the effects of the action that was taken

Question 36

characteristics of action research

Answer 36

-implementation of solutions occurs as part of research process
-no goal to generalize findings of study

Question 37

what is a participatory action research (PAR) study

Answer 37

-type of action research
-community based research where participants and researchers collaborate as co-researchers

Question 38

what is deductive inquiry

Answer 38

-more general to more specific
-phenomenon is observed then theory is developed to explain it then theory is tested

Question 39

what is inductive inquiry

Answer 39

-more specific observations to broader generalizations and theories
-make observation then pattern then hypothesis then come up with a theory