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SOC 315 > Research Designs > Flashcards

Research Designs Flashcards

1
Q

Research Design

A

a framework for the collection and analysis of data

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2
Q

Nomothetic Explanations

A

involve attributions of cause-and-effect, expressed in terms of general laws and principles
- try to explain a class of events rather than a single event
- ie; sports team does better at home than on the road
- typically quantitative

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3
Q

Three Criteria of Causation

A
  1. Correlation- proposed cause and effect must change together systematically
  2. Time Order- proposed cause must precede the effect in time
  3. Non-Spuriousness- rules out alternative explanations for the correlations observed
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4
Q

Idiographic explanation

A

explains an entire case in detail; not concerned with generalizability to people not involved in the study
- typically qualitative; usually involves lengthily stories

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5
Q

Purposes of Research: Exploration

A

research is conducted to explore a new topic or when the topic is relatively new itself

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6
Q

Purposes of Research: Description

A

research is conducted to describe situations and events

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7
Q

Purposes of Research: Explanation

A

research seeking to explain things, answering questions of how and why

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8
Q

Experimental Design

A

systematic comparison of what happens when one set of participants is exposed to a treatment while another set of participants is not

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9
Q

Field Experiments

A

conducted in real-life surroundings
- better external validity but struggle with identifying causality due to possible third variables

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10
Q

Laboratory Experiments

A

take place in artificial environments
- controls research environment
- easier to replicate
- better internal validity but weak external validity

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11
Q

Variables

A

characteristics or attributes of data that vary or change

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12
Q

Independent Variable

A

the cause

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13
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the outcome

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14
Q

Experimental or Treatment Group

A

receives a treatment or manipulation of some kind

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15
Q

Control Group

A

does not get the treatment or manipulation

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16
Q

Random Assignment

A

participants are randomly placed in either the experimental or control group
- key to be able to determine a causal relationship

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17
Q

Pre-test

A

measurement of the dependent variable before the experimental manipulation

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18
Q

Post-test

A

measurement of the dependent variable after the experimental manipulation

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19
Q

Status Characteristics Theory

A

there is a categorical distinction among people such as personal attribute or role that has attached to it widely held beliefs in the culture that associate greater status worthiness and competence with one category of the dinstinction

20
Q

Internal Validity

A

concerned with the issue of whether causation has been established by a particular study

21
Q

History: Threat to IV

A

some event occurring after the treatment was given may have influenced the dependent variable

22
Q

Testing: Threat to IV

A

the pre-test may have influenced the dependent variable

23
Q

Instrumentation: Threat to IV

A

changes in the way a test is administered may account for pre-test and post-test differences

24
Q

Mortality: Threat to IV

A

participants leave the experiment before it is over

25
Q

Maturation: Threat to IV

A

participants change over time

26
Q

Selection: Threat to IV

A

post-test differenced between the control and experimental groups may have been caused by preexisting differences

27
Q

Measurement Validity

A

are you measuring what you want to measure

28
Q

External Validity

A

are the findings applicable to situations outside the research environment?
- can the findings be generalized beyond the people or cases studied?

29
Q

Representativeness: Threats to EV

A

the findings may not be generalizable to a wide variety of people who were not in the experiment

30
Q

Effects of the Setting: Threats to EV

A

the findings may not apply to settings and environments that differ from those of the experiment

31
Q

History Effects: Threats to EV

A

the findings may not apply to other time periods, either in the past or in the future

32
Q

Effect of Pretesting: Threats to EV

A

the findings may not apply to people who were not pretested, and few people in society are pre-tested

33
Q

Reactive Effects: Threats to EV

A

the findings may be invalid because they were caused by injects behaving with the awareness of being in an experimental situation

34
Q

Replicability

A

the results remain the same when others repeat all or parts of a study

35
Q

Quasi-experiments

A

“natural experiment”
- experiment-like conditions are produced naturally occurring phenomena or changes brought about by people not doing research
- lack clear causation
- high external validity, weak internal validity
- ie; twin studies, evaluation research

36
Q

Cross-sectional Design

A

involve taking observations at one point in time
- no manipulation of independent variable
- two or more variables are measured in order to detect patterns of association

37
Q

Issues with Cross-sectional Designs

A
  • issue establishing internal validity: direction of causation
  • issues with external validity: random method of participant selection helps
38
Q

Strength of Cross-sectional Design

A

can examine the effect of variables that cannot be manipulated in experiments

39
Q

Panel Study: Longitudinal

A

the same people, households, organizations, etc. are studied on multiple occasions

40
Q

Cohort Study: Longitudinal

A

people sharing the same experience are studied at different times, but different people may be studied at each time

41
Q

Trend Study Longitudinal

A

a given characteristic of a population is monitored over time

42
Q

Longitudinal Design Drawbacks

A
  • attrition overtime
  • in may be difficult to determine when subsequent waves of the study should be conducted
  • for panel conditioning; peoples attitudes and behaviours may change as a result of participating in a panel
43
Q

Case Study Design

A

a basic case study involves an in-depth study of a single case
- qualitative or quantitative
- external validity is not the main goal of a case study, instead they provide in-depth descriptions of a particular case that cannot be achieved through other methods

44
Q

Critical Case

A

illustrates the conditions under which a certain hypothesis holds or does not hold

45
Q

Extreme (Unique) Case

A

illustrates unusual cases which help in understanding the more common ones

46
Q

Revelatory Case

A

examines a case or context never studied before

SOC 315 (5 decks)

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