Research design & statistics

Question 1

an experiment-first-and-explain-later approach to research

Answer 1

inductive method

Question 2

in this method, the researcher first observes the phenomenon, conducts a series of experiments on it, and then proposes a theory based on the results of those experiments

Answer 2

inductive method

Question 3

an explain-first-and-verify-later approach to research

Answer 3

deductive method

Question 4

In this method, based on initial observation, the investigator explains an event by proposing a theory and then attempts to verify the theory by conducting experiments

Answer 4

deductive method

Question 5

hypothesis testing is what kind of method of research?

Answer 5

deductive method

Question 6

what is the purpose behind inductive or deductive reasoning?

Answer 6

to build a theory

Question 7

stating that X causes Y is an example of a

Answer 7

theory

Question 8

a proposed answer to a research question, but verifiable through additional research

Answer 8

a hypothesis

Question 9

a hypothesis is a more specific prediction stemming from a _______-

Answer 9

theory

Question 10

“When people who stutter are put in highly stressful speaking situations, their amount of stuttering will increase” is an example of a theory or hypothesis?

Answer 10

hypothesis

Question 11

What are the 2 kinds of hypotheses?

Answer 11

null and alternative

Question 12

What does the null hypothesis state?

Answer 12

that 2 variables are not relates

Question 13

Two variables are related; perhaps one is the cause of another. What kind of hypothesis is this?

Answer 13

alternative hypothesis

Question 14

“stressful situations an stuttering are not related; when people who stutter are placed in a highly stressful speaking situation, stuttering does not increase”. This is an example of…

Answer 14

null hypothesis

Question 15

What would be the alternative hypothesis to “stressful speaking situations and stuttering are not relates”?

Answer 15

there is a cause-effect relationship b/w stressful speaking situations and stuttering

Question 16

What is the goal of research?

Answer 16

To reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis

Question 17

systematic observation leads to measured values of those events. What are the measured values referred to as?

Answer 17

Data

Question 18

What is the difference between quantitative and quantitative data?

Answer 18

qualitative data are stated in words; quantitative data are given in numbers

Question 19

“The client has a severe articulation disorder characterized by multiple omissions of phonemes” is an example of what kind of data?

Answer 19

qualitative data

Question 20

“In a 5-minute spontaneous speech sample, the client omitted word-final phonemes in 75% of the contexts” is an example of what kind of data?

Answer 20

quantitative data

Question 21

What are the 2 kinds of criteria that data should meet?

Answer 21

validity and reliability

Question 22

The degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure

Answer 22

Validity

Question 23

a child language test is valid if it measures language skills (T/F)

Answer 23

true

Question 24

What are the 4 types of validity?

Answer 24

Predictive/criterion validity, concurrent validity, construct validity, content validity

Question 25

The accuracy with which a measure predicts future performance on a related task

Answer 25

predictive/criterion validity

Question 26

the degree to which a new measure correlates w/ an established measure of known validity

Answer 26

concurrent validity

Question 27

The performance on the GRE should predict the GPA in graduate programs. This is an example of

Answer 27

Predictive/criterion validity

Question 28

A new test of language skills is correlated with a well-established test of known validity. What does this new test demonstrate?

Answer 28

concurrent validity

Question 29

the degree to which measures are consistent with theoretical constructs or concepts

Answer 29

Construct validity

Question 30

A test of language development meets the theoretical expectation that as children grow older, their language skills improve. This test has what kind of validity?

Answer 30

Construct validity

Question 31

an instrument samples the full range of skills that it purports to measure. This is what kind of validity

Answer 31

content validity

Question 32

the consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly

Answer 32

reliability

Question 33

test scores are reliable if…

Answer 33

they are consistent across repeated testing or measurement

Question 34

If reliable, a standardized test given to the same individual on 2 occasions should result in different scores (T/F)

Answer 34

False; the 2 occasions should result in similar scores, if the test is reliable

Question 35

A clinician who measures stuttering in a client on 2 consecutive days records similar rates of dysfluencies. What is this an example of?

Answer 35

Reliability

Question 36

Most measures of reliability are expressed in terms of a _____ ______

Answer 36

correlational coefficient

Question 37

The correlational coefficient is a number or index that indicates the relationship b/w …

Answer 37

2 or more independent measures

Question 38

The correlational coefficient is usually expressed through ____ ____ ____ ___

Answer 38

Pearson Product Moment r

Question 39

An r value of 0.00 indicate that there is no relationship b/w two measures (T/F)

Answer 39

True; when r is 0.00, there is no relationship b/w 2 measures

Question 40

What is the highest possible value of r?

Answer 40

1.00

Question 41

What is the lowest possible value of r?

Answer 41

-1.00

Question 42

The closer the r is 1.00, the less the reliability of the test or measurement (T/F)

Answer 42

False; the closer that r gets to 1.00, the greater t/ reliability of the test/measurement

Question 43

Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice

Answer 43

Test-retest reliability

Question 44

Test-retest reliability shows that the two sets of test scores are positively correlated (T/F)

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Another name for alternative-form reliability is

Answer 45

Parallel form reliability

Question 46

This type of reliability is based on the consistency of measures when 2 parallel forms of the same test are administered to the same people

Answer 46

Alternative-form reliability/Parallel form reliability

Question 47

Split-half reliability is a measure of ______ consistency of a test

Answer 47

internal

Question 48

When response to items on the first half of the test are correlated with responses to items on the second half of the test, the test is said to have

Answer 48

split-half reliability

Question 49

split-half reliability generally overestimates reliability b/c it does not measure stability of scores over time (T/F)

Answer 49

true

Question 50

the extent to which 2 or more observers agree in measuring an event

Answer 50

interobserver or inter judge reliability

Question 51

if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a speaker, there is high inter judge reliability if there is good agreement b/w judges (T/F)

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Optimally, good agreement results in an inter judge reliability coefficient of ____ or more

Answer 52

0.90

Question 53

refers to the extent to which the same observer repeatedly measure the same event consistently

Answer 53

intra observer or intra judge reliability

Question 54

if the same clinician rata a child’s intelligibility over several sessions, those ratings should be consistent to assure acceptable level of _______reliability

Answer 54

intra observer or intra judge reliability