Research Design Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Design

A
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2
Q

ANOVAs

A
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3
Q

Alpha level

A

The chance of making a type I error

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4
Q

Type 1 and 2 Errors

A

Type I Error: Detect a significant difference when there is not one, chances of making a type I error = the alpha level
Type II Error: Fail to detect a significant difference when there is one

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5
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Mean: average
Median: response at the center of the distribution
Mode: most frequent response

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6
Q

Effect Size

A
  • Cohen’s D
  • Calculation: d = (M1 – M2) / pooled SD
  • Measures whether the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable
  • Other stats related to effect size: Correlations, Standardized Mean Differences, Odds ratio
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7
Q

Reliability

A

See if test measures accurately
Cronbach’s alpha (Reliability coefficient - internal consistency)

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8
Q

Validity

A

See if test measures what it is supposed to measure

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9
Q

Double-Blind Study

A
  • Multiple participant groups assigned
  • Neither researcher nor participants know which group they are in
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10
Q

Distribution Curve

A
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11
Q

Standard Error of Estimate and Measurement

A
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12
Q

Percentile Ranks

A
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13
Q

Sample Size

A
  • Sample needs to represent the larger population
  • Sample needs to be large enough to be high-powered but not so large that it is wasting resources that are not necessary to find a meaningful difference
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14
Q

Statistical Power

A
  • The probability of avoiding a type II error (failure to detect a meaningful difference in the sample)
  • Typically set at 80%
  • Too much power = tests are too sensitive to true effects
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15
Q

Instrumentation

A
  • Threat to internal validity
  • E.g., you are relying on an expert rater’s ratings for your dependent variable and find that the rater’s accuracy changes over time
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16
Q

Difference between a true experiment and a quasi experiment

A

ability to randomly assign participants to treatment and comparison conditions

17
Q

Testing threat to internal validity

A
  • E.g., There are differences on the post-intervention test between the participants who did and did not take the pretest
18
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable that you manipulate to see if a change occurs

19
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable that you measure to see if it changes in response to the manipulation of the independent variable

20
Q

Efficacy

A
  • Internal validity
  • Assesses a causal link between the treatment and a change in the clinical condition
21
Q

Effectiveness

A
  • External Validity
22
Q

Reliable Clinical Change Index (RCI)

A
  • Calculates the effect size of change for an individual client over the course of treatment
  • Demonstrates that after the intervention, the client is functioning in the non-clinical range
23
Q

Results from a single-subject research study are evaluated using

A

Visual inspection

24
Q

ABA Design

A

Assesses behavior changes when the treatment is introduced and how it changes again when the treatment is withdrawn

25
Q

Compliance (in randomized control trials)

A

The degree to which study subjects adhere to an assigned treatment protocol

26
Q

Michael Lambert, the author of the Outcome Questionnaire – 45 (OQ45) advocates for what?

A

Tracking the therapy progress especially for clients who are not progressing or who are deteriorating

27
Q

ITT (intention to treat) group

A
  • Important because it reduces the risk of sample bias that might result from attrition
  • Still take into account data from participants who did not complete the study
28
Q

Which of the following research designs is considered the most trustworthy, according to SAMSHA?

A

Meta-analysis

29
Q

Stratified random sampling

A
  • Creates a probabilistic sample
30
Q

Sampling Frame

A

All of the units or cases that a researcher has accessible to study

31
Q

Random Sampling

A

Sample members are selected so each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected

32
Q

“Positivist approach” said the scientific method could be applied to

A

Observable and repeatable behaviors

33
Q

Construct

A

The theoretical idea or concept that is being described or analyzed in the process of research

34
Q

Construct Validity

A

Is your measure assessing the construct of interest?
Do the items capture the construct?

35
Q

Convergent Validity

A

Two test that are supposed to be related are in fact related

36
Q

Discriminant Validity

A

Two tests that are not supposed to be related are in fact unrelated