Multiculturalism and Diversity

Question 1

Working with diverse clients

Question 2

Layered Ecological Model

Answer 2

Level 1: Microsystem, interactions on the individual-individual level
Level 2: Mesosystem, interactions between community memberships (e.g., schools, faith-based institutions, family contexts)
Level 3:
Level 4: Macrosystem

Fluidity:
Tension:
Power:

Trauma:
Resilience

Question 3

Acculturation Levels

Answer 3

Integration: integrate both cultures into identity
Separation: reject dominant culture
–: reject familial culture
–: reject both

Question 4

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model

Question 5

Sue and Sue’s Cultural Identity Development

Question 6

Multigenerational Issues

Question 7

Stages of Ethnic Identity Development

Answer 7

1. Pre-Encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion/Emersion
4. Internalization

Question 8

Pre-Encounter

Answer 8

Individual absorbs values/beliefs of dominant culture

Internalize idea that it’s “better” to be white

May value role models, life-styles, values of dominant group more highly than own culture

Often seeks to assimilate

Minimize personal/social significance of race/ethnicity

Question 9

Immersion/Emersion

Answer 9

Desire to surround self with visible symbols of one’s racial identity and active avoidance of symbols of whiteness

Tendency to reject whites and glorify one’s one group

Seeks out opportunities to learn about own history and cultre

Question 10

Encounter

Answer 10

Typically precipitated by even t that enforces the individual to acknowledge personal impact of racism

Anger, confusion, alienation

Grapple with what it means to be a group targeted by racism

Question 11

Internalization

Answer 11

Sense of security in one’s own racial/ethnic identity

View own group more objectively as well as other groups

Willing to establish meaningful relationships with white who acknowledge and are respectful of her self-definition

Build coalitions with other oppressed groups

Question 12

Stages of Racial/Ethnic Identity Development for Whites

Answer 12

1. Abandonment of Racism
   A. Contact
   B. Disintegration
   C. Reintegration
2. Defining a Non-Racist Identity
   A. Pseudo-Independence
   B. Immersion/Emersion
   C. Autonomy

Question 13

Contact

Answer 13

Unaware of own racial identity

White = normal

View racism as “individual acts of meanness”

Does not acknowledge white privilege

Naive curiosity or fear of people of color

Question 14

Disintegration

Answer 14

Awareness of racism and white privilege increase as a result of personal experience

Common emotions: denial, guilt, anger, depression, withdrawal

May attempt to persuade others to abandon racist thinking

Question 15

Reintegration

Answer 15

May feel pressured by others to “not notice” racism

Guilt and denial transform into fear and anger toward people of color

Common to “blame the victim”

Chooses to avoid issues of racism

Question 16

Pseudo-Independence

Answer 16

Individual is abandoning beliefs in white superiority

Understands unfairness of white privilege and recognize personal responsibility for dismantling racism

May choose to distance self from other whites and actively seek out people of color to help her understand racism

Question 17

Immersion/Emersion

Answer 17

Seeking to redefine whiteness

“Who am I racially?”

Need support form other anti-racist whites

Developing a positive white identity not based on assumed superiority

Question 18

Autonomy

Answer 18

Internalized positive white racial identity

Actively anti-racist within own sphere of influence

Development of racial identity continues to be open to new information and self-examination

Able to work effectively in multiracial settings