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Clinical Decision Making > Research Design > Flashcards

Research Design Flashcards

1
Q

misra er al (2013)

A

conducted a cross sectional survey design which recruited patients and the dentist who provided treatment

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2
Q

patients and dentists were asked (4)

A

general issues discussed
specific info given about oral health
what procedures were performed
further actions planned and agreed to

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3
Q

who recalled more info? dentists or patients

A

dentists

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4
Q

dentists recalled giving more (2)

A

dental health education than patients remembered

discussing more future actions that patients remembered

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5
Q

technical aspects (crowns/bridges) of the encounter were more often reported by both dentist and patient than were

A

psychological issues (pain/embarrassment)

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6
Q

both indicated higher levels of — discussion, than dental health education or agreed future actions

A

procedure

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7
Q

there was no relationship found between patient really and

A

satisfaction

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8
Q

conclusions

A

dentist recall may be higher due to their control over the consultation structure

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9
Q

research

A

results from individual studies

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10
Q

evidence

A

cumulative results across studies

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11
Q

what is the synthesis of all valid research studies that answer a specific question?

A

evidence

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12
Q

what does evidence-based practice involve?

A

tracking down the available evidence, assessing validity, and using the best evidence to inform treatment decisions

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13
Q

in addition to a significant literature on a topic, clinicians must also consider (3)

A

clinical circumstances
experience and professional judgement
patient’s values and preferences

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14
Q

validity

A

“closeness to the truth”
the degree to which the design and method provide for accurate investigation of event in question
as research reviewers you have the opportunity to asses both internal and external validity

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15
Q

examples of threats to internal validity (3)

A

selection bias
maturation
instrumentation

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16
Q

— — to groups addresses many threats to internal validity, but not all

A

random assignment

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17
Q

external validity is the ability to generalize findings: (3)

A

beyond the subjects in the study
beyond the environmental constraints of the current study
to other temporal periods

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18
Q

as controls increase (increasing internal validity) the generalizability of findings may

A

suffer (decreasing external validity)

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19
Q

types of research bias (2)

A

systematic error that causes a preference for one outcome over another
problematic or incomplete controls that result in skewed observations

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20
Q

pretrial bias (2)

A

selection bias

channeling bias

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21
Q

selection bias

A

procedure for selection of participants is different across groups

22
Q

channeling bias

A

placing participants in study conditions according to prognosis, age, fragility, etc

23
Q

interviewer bias

A

error introduced by researcher collecting data

24
Q

chronology bias

A

historic control subject to changes in practice

25
Q

recall bias

A

skewed or faulty recollection of events/associations

26
Q

transfer bias

A

differential attrition across conditions

27
Q

misclassification bias

A

problems with operational definition of grouping variables

28
Q

performance bias

A

differences in clinical quality of intervention across providers

29
Q

citation bias

A

comparative evidence limited by what is accessible

30
Q

publication bias

A

previous evidence not available due to publication preferences

31
Q

confounding bias

A

observed association due to some unknown variable

32
Q

quantitative inquiry rooted in empiricism

A

only those phenomena which can be measured are “real”

measures are often numeric scales

33
Q

qualitative inquiry based in hermeneutics

A

the interpretation of contextual meaning

measures are subjective and dependent upon perceptual biases

34
Q

evidence hierarchy (strongest to weakest) (6)

A 
systematic reviews and meta-analyses 
randomized controlled trials
cohort studies 
case control studies 
cross sectional studies 
case reports
35
Q

experimental research is a type of — inquiry

A

quantitative

36
Q

experimental research investigates

A

“cause”

37
Q

experimental research

A

studies in which the researcher controls or manipulates the variables under investigation

38
Q

observational research may be either

A

quantitative or qualitative

39
Q

observational research without experimental

A

controls (may include comparison to natural groups)

40
Q

observational research is sometimes called

A

“quasi experimental”

41
Q

observational research

A

designs provide for investigation of relationships, but not cause

42
Q

variable

A

any factor relevant to a particular study

may be known or unknown

43
Q

examples of variables (4)

A

age
ethnicity
socioeconomic status
disease history

44
Q

independent variable

A

a factor or condition that changes naturally or is intentionally manipulated (ex. grouping variable) by the investigator to observe the effect

  • known and controlled by the experimenter
  • “causative factor”
45
Q

dependent variable

A

an observed variable in an experiment or study for which changes are determined by the level of one or more independent variables

  • a factor directly affected by another
  • “response” or “outcome”
46
Q

confounding variable

A

statistically, an extraneous variable that correlates significantly with both the dependent variable and the independent variable
a factor not considered or recognized (unmeasured) by the researcher that has significant impact on the dependent variable or outcome of interest
-“confounding influences” or “error”

47
Q

prospective research looks as

A

events that have not yet happened or constructs that have not yet been measured

48
Q

retrospective research looks at

A

data that already exists

49
Q

what is the strongest evidence for demonstrating cause and effect?

A

randomized control trial

50
Q

why do we do random assignment?

A

it reduces the effect of bias due to intervening variables

-assumes that confounding conditions will be equally distributed across groups

51
Q

appraising a study: what to look for (6)

A 
who were the participants?
how were they assigned to groups?
what were the study conditions?
hypotheses?
assessment of intervention?
how were the data analyzed?

Clinical Decision Making (5 decks)

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