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AFP > Research Concepts > Flashcards

Research Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the highest level evidence of EBM?

A

Meta-analysis

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2
Q

What is the second highest level of EBM?

A

Systematic review

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3
Q

What is the third highest level of EBM?

A

RCT

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4
Q

What is meant by meta-analysis?

A

Research process allowing the merging/collating of independent studies to evaluate the overall effect

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5
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

Summary of medical literature using explicit and reproducible methods to search, critically appraise and synthesise

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6
Q

What is meant by a ‘cohort study’?

A

Follows a cohort of people (usually sharing a similar characteristic) over time to observe the effect of a certain factor

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7
Q

What kind of study may cohort studies be useful for?

A

Epidemiological

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8
Q

What are case-control studies?

A

Takes one group (case) compared to control group and compare frequency of a certain factor in retrospect

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9
Q

What are case reports?

A

Provide a detailed report about one patient’s symptoms, investigation, management etc - usually a rare or new occurrence

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10
Q

What are the two main types of study?

A

Experimental and observational

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a Phase I clinical trial?

A

Establish safety and safe dose

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a Phase II clinical trial?

A

investigate efficacy and continue to monitor safety and adverse effects

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a Phase III clinical trial?

A

compare effectiveness compared to other treatments and monitor side effects

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14
Q

What is the purpose of a Phase IV trial?

A

to provide additional info after approval

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15
Q

What is the Helsinki protocol?

A

Outlines ethical principles for medical research on human subjects

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16
Q

Give examples of principles within the Helsinki protocol

A

Doing what is in your patient’s best interests
Protection for particularly vulnerable groups
Requirement for research ethics committees
Consent, Confidentiality etc

17
Q

What is the difference between research and audit?

A

Audit is to determine how you are doing against standards whereas research aims to add info to the body of evidence

18
Q

What is meant by ‘closing the loop’?

A

setting recommendations for improvement and also plans for follow-up

19
Q

What is involved in the QI cycle?

A

Plan, Do, Check, Act

20
Q

What is meant by p < 0.05?

A

the result is statistically significant, and unlikely to have occurred by chance

21
Q

What is a t-test used for?

A

to test a null hypothesis by comparing the means of two independent groups

22
Q

What is meant by a confidence interval?

A

range of values that you expect your results to fall within x% of the time if the experiment was repeated, for example 95% CI

23
Q

What is meant by incidence?

A

number of new cases/period in time

24
Q

What is meant by prevalence?

A

total number of cases/total no of people

25
Q

What is meant by absolute risk?

A

chance of something happening ie. 1 in 8 chance of a women in the UK developing cancer

26
Q

What is meant by relative risk?

A

risk compared to another group, for example, relative risk of breast cancer would be increased in those with BRCA mutations

27
Q

Which test is used to compare survival between two groups?

A

Log rank test

28
Q

What are type 1 statistical errors?

A

False positive

29
Q

What are type 2 statistical errors?

A

False negative

30
Q

How are large research projects funded?

A

Can come from a range of sources including charities, private companies, government, trusts, research councils (eg. MRC)

31
Q

Can the company funding the trial conduct it?

A

No - they must be run independently - protocol agreed by all parties and ethics review board

32
Q

How would you go about critically appraising a paper?

A

Journal
PICO: Population, Intervention, Control, Outcome
Bias
Strengths & weaknesses
Validity
Clinical implications

33
Q

What are the main types of bias to consider?

A

SPIES
Selection
Performance
Information/detection
Exclusion
Selective

AFP (5 decks)

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