Research and evidence based medicine Flashcards
EMQ- theme- research
a) Sensitivity
b) Specificity
c) Positive predictive value
d) Negative predictive value
e) Validity
f) Reliability
g) Incidence
h) Prevalence
Test positive
Test negative
Condition present
True Positive (A)
False negative (C)
A/A+C%- D
Condition absent
False positive (B)
True Negative (D)
D/B+D%- C
A/A+B- A
D/C+D- B
Answer A)- Positive predictive value
B) Negative predictive value
C) Specificity
D) Sensitivity
Which of the following regarding research terminologies is false?
a) Validity referes to the true answer which must be releavt, complete and accurate
b) Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease occuring in a defined population within a specified period of time
c) Prevalence is the total number of individuals who have the disease at a particular time
d) Bias is any effec that tends to produce results that depart systematically from false values
e) Confounding is a measure of the effect of exposure on risk that is distorted by the association of exposure with other known or unknown factors that influence the outcome
d) Bias is any effec that tends to produce results that depart systematically from false values (true values)
Which of the following regarding research design is false?
a) Null hypothesis states that experimental group does not differ from a control group
b) p value is usually considered at <0.05 for significance
c) Larger sample sizes allow detection of smaller differences
d) Odds ratio is the probability of the occurence of an event to its occurence
e) The more the individuals in the population differ, the larger the required sample
d) Odds ratio is the probability of the occurence of an event to its occurence (non-occurence)
EMQ- Theme - Quantitative research
a) Case-control or retrospective study
b) Cross sectional or prevalence study
c) Cohort or prospective study
d) Clinical controlled trial
e) Double blinded trial
f) Meta-analysis
g) Absolute risk reduction
h) Clinical significance
i) Confidence interval
j) Number needed to treat
k) Odds ratio
l) p value
m) Relative risk
n) Relative risk reduction
0) Risk
p) Statistical significance
1) The absolute difference in event rates between two interventions or treatment groups
2) The benefit of people receiving an intervention compared to the control group being great enough to warrant the intervention
3) The statistically derived range of values around a trial result in which the probability is that the true result will be within the range
4) The number of people who must be treated over a given period of time with the experimental therapy to achieve one good outcome or prevent one adverse outcome
5) The probability of an event occurence to its non-occurence
6) The probability that the observed difference occured by chance alone
7) The ratio of the risk of outcome in the treatment group compared with the control group
8) The proportional reduction of adverse events between the treatment groups and the control groups in a trial
9) The likelyhood of a difference between two groups being real
10) The probability that an event will occur
11) An experimental study that tests for hypothesised outcomes by comparing a randomly selected group of people and compared with a matched group
12) Neither the staff or the patient know if the participant is in the intervention or control group
13) It follows a group of individuals with a specified characteristic or disease over a period of time
14) It is a survey of the frequency of disease or risk factors in a defined population at one particular time
15) An observational study in which people with a disease are compared with those without it
16) The process of systematically assessing the compatible randomised controlled trials by merging the data from smaller studies to draw a firmer conclusions
1) Absolute risk reduction (For example 8 per 100 or 8%)
2) Clinical significance
3) Confidence interval (95% CI means 95% chance that the interval includes the true population proportion)
4) Number needed to treat ( the lower the number, the better the treatment. 100/ARR(%)
5) Odds ratio
6) p value (Standard convention is only 5% occurs by chance alone)
7) Relative risk
8) Relative risk reduction (ARR gives a more realistic picture- RRR=1-RR
9) Statistical significance ( A 0.5 CI suggests 19 times out of 20 the finding of the difference between the two groups is valid)
10) Risk
11) Clinical controlled trial
12) Double-blind trial
13) Cohort(Prospective study)
14) Prevalence or cross sectional study
15) Case control (retrospective study)
16) Meta-analysis
EMQ-Themes-Levels of evidence
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
1) Evidence from well controlled trials that are not randomised or well designed cohort or case control studies
2) Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomised controlled trial
3) Opinions of respected authorities based on experience, descriptive studies or reports of expert committees
4) Evidence obtained from a systematic review of all relevant controlled trials
1) 3
2) 2
3) 4
4) 1
