Research Flashcards
Step 1 of Research
Identify a relevant and important topic
Literature review
Step 2 of Research
Develop well-considered research question.
Step 3 of Research
Research question that leads to a hypothesis
Should be measurable
What is a hypothesis?
predication of a relationship
expressed as more than, less than, or not equal to
What is a null hypothesis?
no relationship in population of data (any difference is result of sampling error)
expressed as “Equal to”
Step 4 of research
Prepare research protocol : methodology
Step 5 of research
Organize methods and materials
Step 6 of research
Collect and analyze data
Step 7 of rsearch
Study results and make decisions
Research report consist of…
Abstract General introduction Review of literature Methodology- statement of hypothesis Results Discussion Conclusion Implications
Results in a research report consist of what?
specific lab, clinical, objective or subjective findings
Discussion of a research report consist of
interpretation of the results
Research that does not prove a cause and effect and generates a hypothesis
Descriptive research
What are types of descriptive research?
qualitative research
case report/case study/case series
surveys
When data is collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and may have a focus group is what type of research? First hand research
qualitative research
What is delphi
focus group
case report/case study/case series are…
reports of observations on one or more subjects
observe a group with common disease/condition
measurable
Research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population and defined time frame; pinpoints problems.
surveys
What is analytical research
test the hypothesis, prove the cause and effect
clinical trials, follow-up studies, case-control studies
Types of analytical research include:
Experimental Study Quasi-Experimental Study Cohort Study Cross-Sectional Study Case-Control Study
Experimental Study consist of
test in clinical setting between experimental and control group
experimental group receives the treatment
control group receives a placebo
What is a placebo?
gives the aura, but is not the actual experience
Ex. giving a control group sugar pills instead of the drug
You know that are program is successful backed on an experimental study by
the experimental group has improved more than the control group
Test design where measurements are taken before and after the program to see if there has been a change to note
“Time-series”
Quasi-Experimental Study
What are cohort study?
cohort is when members of the group have something in common
Cohort study are also called …
incidence study- tracks the frequency of new cases of a disease
cohort study are carried on for ________ and are ______
a long period of time; prospective (future-orientated_
Case control study focus on what?
focus on a specific disease
Cross sectional studies deal with? They are also called what?
one-time data collection
takes a snap-shop look at one point in time; describe current, not past or future events
prevalence study
Test whether the difference between the two groups are real
internal validity
test whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a large population
external validity
Analysis of variance (AVOVA)
a tool that is used to evaluate validity
ask whether the difference between samples is a reliable one that would be repeated
consistency or reproductivity of test results
test and retest again: can do parallel forms or split halves
reliability
What does precision do?
measures the reliability of a test by the amount of variation that occurs randomly
less random variation equals
greater precision
greater reliability
Sensitvity
proportion the ppl that test positive, have the disease
specificity
proportion the ppl that test negative, don’t have the disease
Dependent variables are
outcomes (what stays the same)
Independent variables are
what you manipulate in the study
Treatments of diseases would be considered dependent or independent variables?
independent variables
Probability sampling uses
randomization
What are measures of central tendency
arithmetic mean
median-midpoint
mode
arithmetic mean
the average
total value of all observations/specific observation number
median
mid-point
arrange observations from low to high
median is the value at the midpoint
mode
most frequent/repeating number/value
prediction most likely to be right
the difference between the low value and high value is called what?
range
high value - low value = range
indicates the degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution
presented in a graph and has a hill/slope
standard deviation
68% of all observations in a normal distribution lies
within 1 standard deviation of the mean
