Research Flashcards
1
Q
What is the following refered to as? “The study of behavior and its relationship to the environment”
A
Psychology
2
Q
What is the following referred to as: “From observing the behavior-environment relationship, we can infer how the mind works”
A
Psychology
3
Q
Authority, Observation, Reasoning, Scientific Method
A
4 Paths to Knowledge
4
Q
A tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behavior
A
Fundamental Attribution Error
5
Q
People’s tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome. One is more likely to take a perspective if we previously defended that perspective.
A
Hindsight Bias
6
Q
Involves observing participants in social situations; can be a semiformal structure taking notes and interviewing participants
A
Observational research
7
Q
asking participants questions usually through an interview or a questionnaire
A
Surveys
8
Q
Psychologists conduct to determine whether there is a relationship among the variables
A
Correlation Research
9
Q
A shared, logical system
A
The Scientific Method
10
Q
The Primary Goal of the Scientific Method
A
Reduce Bias
11
Q
A statement that integrates known observations and suggests testable hypothesis
A
Theory
12
Q
A testable statement generated from a theory
A
Hypothesis
13
Q
The variable that is manipulated; it is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome
A
Independent variable
14
Q
The variable that is measured; it is hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the IV
A
Dependent variable
15
Q
One group has an experience that is used as a comparison to the other group(s) behavior
A
Control Group
16
Q
A group(s) has an experience that is most relevant to the hypothesis. This group’s performance is compared to the control group’s and other experimental groups’ behavior
A
Experimental group
17
Q
When the sample consists of people who are similar to the population
A
Representative Sample
18
Q
The sample of people are chosen using a technique to ensure that each person has an equal chance of being included in the sample
A
Random sample
19
Q
Variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable beyond the effect of the independent variable
A
Extraneous or confounding variables
20
Q
Participants are placed in the groups using a chance procedure
A
Random Assignment
21
Q
Neither the participants nor the researchers know to which group participants belong
A
Double Blind Procedure
22
Q
Cycle of Science: Step 1
A
Idea or Theory
23
Q
Cycle of Science: Step 2
A
Hypothesis
24
Q
Cycle of Science: Step 3
A
Plan and conduct experiment
25
Cycle of Science: Step 4
Analyze Results
26
Cycle of Science: Step 5
Make a conclusion
27
The four paths to knowledge are:
Authority, Observation, Reasoning, and Scientific Method
28
What is the problem with the first three paths to knowledge?
Bias, an inclination to respond partially to
anything related to an event, person or
point of view.
29
_________________ is a tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other's behavior.
Fundamental Attribution Error
30
_________________ is when one is more likely to take a perspective if they have previously defended that perspective.
Hindsight Bias
31
The scientific method is a ______________ _______________ system. The goal of using this method is to _____________________.
shared logical, reduce bias.
32
What are the five steps to the cycle of science? You can draw a circle if you'd like.
1.) Idea or Theory
2.) Hypothesis
3.) Design and Conduct Experiment
4.) Analyze Results
5.) Formulate Conclusion
33
_______________ is a statement that integrates known observations and suggests a testable hypothesis.
Theory
34
_______________ is a testable statement generated from theory.
Hypothesis
35
________________ is a specific description of how a researcher concretely measures a variable.
Operational Definitions
36
_________________ are events that are manipulated by the experimenter.
Independent Variable
37
_________________ are measurements of the participant's behavior.
Dependent Variable
38
_________________ is when the sample consists of people who are similar to the population.
Representative Sample
39
_______________ is when the sample of people are chosen using a technique to ensure that each person has an equal chance of being included in that sample.
Random Sample
40
_______________ are variables that seem likely to influence the dependent variable beyond the effect of the IV.
Extraneous or Confounding Variables
41
__________________ is when participants are placed in the groups using a chance procedure.
Random Assignment
42
_________________ is when both the participant and the researcher are unaware as to which group the participants belong.
Double Blind Procedure
43
List the order of the 5 Cycles of Science.
1.) Idea or Theory
2.) Hypothesis
3.) Plan and Conduct Experiment
4.) Analyze Results
5.) Make a Conclusion
44
An example of this is reading a book or asking the teacher.
Authority
45
A Shared Logical System is the definition for:
The Scientific Method
46
Through experience we use this path to knowledge
Observation
47
This path to knowledge uses both formal logic and intuition
Reasoning
48
Of these, this one has the best chance of reducing biases
The Scientific Method
49
This is an inclination to respond partially to anything related to an event, person, or point of view
Bias
50
This is the tendency to underestimate situation influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other's behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
51
A picture clue would be an example of this type of bias
Perceptual Bias (personal bias)
52
When we are more likely to take a perspective if we previously defended that perspective
hindsight bias
53
We use this when we try to control for biases
The Scientific Method
54
The steps to the cycle of science:
1. idea or theory
2. hypothesis
3. design and conduct research
4. analyze results
5. formulate a conclusion
55
This integrates known observations and suggests a testable hypothesis
Theory
56
A testable statement generated from a theory
hypothesis
57
Determining the primary concepts to be studied and representing the abstract concepts by describing and creating research variables
Operational Definitions
58
Two types of research variables
Independent Variables (IV) and Dependent Variables (DV)
59
This is the objective (goal) when a case study or survey is used.
Description (descriptive research)
60
Using an experiment is done in an attempt to satisfy this objective
Explanation
61
Measuring the relationship between events, allowing for future prediction describes which of our 3 objectives
Prediction
62
Frank sat in the food court to see what type of interaction occured between parents and their teenage children. This is an example of this type of research design
Naturalist observation
63
Of the 3 objectives, this one determines a cause and effect relationship between two events
Explanation
64
Objectives?
Prediction, Explanation, Description, and Control
65
This variable is manipulated by the researcher
Independent variable
66
Blue group, Green Group, and Yellow Group would be considered conditions of this.
Independent Variable
67
A scale used for rating between 1 and 10 would be considered this.
Dependent Variable
68
This variable can be measured
Dependent Variable
69
Participants experienced either emotionally positive scenes (kittens or a romantic couple) or
emotionally negative scenes (a warewolf or a dead body) for a split second before viewing nine
slides of people. Participants provided kindness ratings (1-6) of the people in the pictures
depicted in the slides. Higher ratings were given when they previously experienced emotionally
positive scenes.
This is the IV and the DV.
What is the emotional scene (IV)
and kindness rating (DV)
70
“You might be basing your conclusions on your _________”. “You might be basing your confidence in that idea on your ____________”. How accurate are these two things?
Experience, Intuition. When we draw on our own past experience or intuitions, we risk making mistakes. Our personal experiences do not show us all possible events, so we shouldn’t base our conclusions simply on what we have seen or lived.
71
Define variable, measured variables and manipulated variables.
A variable is something of interest that can vary from person to person or situation to situation.
A variable has at least two level, or values.
Measured variables are used in every study.
The levels of measured variables are simply observed and recorded in some numeric form.
Manipulated variables is one whose levels the researcher controls by assigning different participants to different levels of that variable.
Manipulated variables are only used in experiments.
72
Define operational definitions.
Operational definitions specify the exact process for determining the levels or values of each variable.
73
What is the goal of descriptive research. Descriptive research “often takes the form of ________”.
a survey
74
Define sample and population of interest. Know the difference between the two.
A small group of people is called a sample
People selected from a larger group are called a population of interest.
75
For a sample to generalize to the population, all members of the population must have an equal chance of ___________________. This is typically achieved through ____________.
Being selected for the sample; random sampling.
76
Define naturalistic observation. What is the “goal” of this type of research.
Naturalistic observation is when animal or people are observed in their normal, everyday worlds and environment.
77
When conditions are so rare that they can only study a single individual or small group, researchers are using a ________.
a case study
78
Define correlational research. Correlational research can “tell us” what?
Correlation research measures two (or more) variables in order to understand the relationship between them.
Correlational research can tell us how two or more variables relate to one another
79
Describe a positive correlation, negative correlation and zero correlation
Positive Correlation: This happens when two things go up together or down together. For example, as you eat more ice cream, your happiness goes up; as you eat less, your happiness goes down.
Negative Correlation: This occurs when one thing goes up while the other goes down. For instance, as you exercise more, your weight goes down; as you exercise less, your weight goes up.
Zero Correlation: This means there's no consistent relationship between two things. They don't affect each other. An example might be the number of books you own and the price of gasoline; they have no connection.
80
Will our correlation predictions always be perfect? “They will be more accurate than _________________”
simply guessing
81
Objective? “The stronger a correlation is, the better our predictions will be”.
Predictions
82
A correlational study “simply ___________. Experimental research is conducted in a way that _________________.”
Estimates; can support causal statements.
83
Define random assignment. It allows researchers to do what?
Random assignment is used to decide which participants will be in which group.
It allows researchers to keep the groups fairly similar before the IV is applied.
84
“Experiments ...can answer questions about __________ that correlational studies cannot.”
Causation
85
Define random sampling. “If a study uses random sampling, every person _______________________________________________________________________”.
in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected
86
Random assignment is “the method used to ______________________________".
assign participants to the different levels of the independent variable.”
87
Know the difference between external and internal validity.
External validity is when the sample can generalize to the population of interest.
Internal validity is when deciding whether a study can support a causal claim.
88
Define confound.
When the experimental groups accidentally differ on more than just the dependent variable.
89
What is the primary reason for using the scientific method rather than other paths to knowledge?
To reduce bias
90
Name the 5 steps in the cycle of science as presented in lecture.
Theory or Idea
Hypothesis
Design and conduct experiment
Analyze Results
Formulate conclusion
91
Define Theory.
A theory is a set of propositions of what people do and why.
92
Define Empiricists
Empiricists base their beliefs on objective observations of the world
93
Define Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a prediction based in a theory.
94
Define Data
Data are facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis
95
Define experimental group
An experimental group is one where the active condition is present.
96
Define control group
A control group is one where the active condition is absent.
97
Define placebo condition
Placebo condition is when the control group and the experimental group have the same experience, except for the one variable that is being manipulated.
98
Define Experimental Group
Experimental group is where the group receives the variable that is being tested
99
Define Control Group
Control group is where the variable is absent
100
Define Placebo Condition
Placebo condition is where rhe control group and experimental group have the same experience, except for one variable that is being manipulated.
