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Research Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the following refered to as? “The study of behavior and its relationship to the environment”

A

Psychology

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2
Q

What is the following referred to as: “From observing the behavior-environment relationship, we can infer how the mind works”

A

Psychology

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3
Q

Authority, Observation, Reasoning, Scientific Method

A

4 Paths to Knowledge

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4
Q

A tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behavior

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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5
Q

People’s tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome. One is more likely to take a perspective if we previously defended that perspective.

A

Hindsight Bias

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6
Q

Involves observing participants in social situations; can be a semiformal structure taking notes and interviewing participants

A

Observational research

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7
Q

asking participants questions usually through an interview or a questionnaire

A

Surveys

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8
Q

Psychologists conduct to determine whether there is a relationship among the variables

A

Correlation Research

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9
Q

A shared, logical system

A

The Scientific Method

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10
Q

The Primary Goal of the Scientific Method

A

Reduce Bias

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11
Q

A statement that integrates known observations and suggests testable hypothesis

A

Theory

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12
Q

A testable statement generated from a theory

A

Hypothesis

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13
Q

The variable that is manipulated; it is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome

A

Independent variable

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14
Q

The variable that is measured; it is hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the IV

A

Dependent variable

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15
Q

One group has an experience that is used as a comparison to the other group(s) behavior

A

Control Group

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16
Q

A group(s) has an experience that is most relevant to the hypothesis. This group’s performance is compared to the control group’s and other experimental groups’ behavior

A

Experimental group

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17
Q

When the sample consists of people who are similar to the population

A

Representative Sample

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18
Q

The sample of people are chosen using a technique to ensure that each person has an equal chance of being included in the sample

A

Random sample

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19
Q

Variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable beyond the effect of the independent variable

A

Extraneous or confounding variables

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20
Q

Participants are placed in the groups using a chance procedure

A

Random Assignment

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21
Q

Neither the participants nor the researchers know to which group participants belong

A

Double Blind Procedure

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22
Q

Cycle of Science: Step 1

A

Idea or Theory

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23
Q

Cycle of Science: Step 2

A

Hypothesis

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24
Q

Cycle of Science: Step 3

A

Plan and conduct experiment

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25
Q

Cycle of Science: Step 4

A

Analyze Results

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26
Q

Cycle of Science: Step 5

A

Make a conclusion

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27
Q

The four paths to knowledge are:

A

Authority, Observation, Reasoning, and Scientific Method

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28
Q

What is the problem with the first three paths to knowledge?

A

Bias, an inclination to respond partially to
anything related to an event, person or
point of view.

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29
Q

_________________ is a tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other’s behavior.

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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30
Q

_________________ is when one is more likely to take a perspective if they have previously defended that perspective.

A

Hindsight Bias

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31
Q

The scientific method is a ______________ _______________ system. The goal of using this method is to _____________________.

A

shared logical, reduce bias.

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32
Q

What are the five steps to the cycle of science? You can draw a circle if you’d like.

A

1.) Idea or Theory
2.) Hypothesis
3.) Design and Conduct Experiment
4.) Analyze Results
5.) Formulate Conclusion

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33
Q

_______________ is a statement that integrates known observations and suggests a testable hypothesis.

A

Theory

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34
Q

_______________ is a testable statement generated from theory.

A

Hypothesis

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35
Q

________________ is a specific description of how a researcher concretely measures a variable.

A

Operational Definitions

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36
Q

_________________ are events that are manipulated by the experimenter.

A

Independent Variable

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37
Q

_________________ are measurements of the participant’s behavior.

A

Dependent Variable

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38
Q

_________________ is when the sample consists of people who are similar to the population.

A

Representative Sample

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39
Q

_______________ is when the sample of people are chosen using a technique to ensure that each person has an equal chance of being included in that sample.

A

Random Sample

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40
Q

_______________ are variables that seem likely to influence the dependent variable beyond the effect of the IV.

A

Extraneous or Confounding Variables

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41
Q

__________________ is when participants are placed in the groups using a chance procedure.

A

Random Assignment

42
Q

_________________ is when both the participant and the researcher are unaware as to which group the participants belong.

A

Double Blind Procedure

43
Q

List the order of the 5 Cycles of Science.

A

1.) Idea or Theory
2.) Hypothesis
3.) Plan and Conduct Experiment
4.) Analyze Results
5.) Make a Conclusion

44
Q

An example of this is reading a book or asking the teacher.

A

Authority

45
Q

A Shared Logical System is the definition for:

A

The Scientific Method

46
Q

Through experience we use this path to knowledge

A

Observation

47
Q

This path to knowledge uses both formal logic and intuition

A

Reasoning

48
Q

Of these, this one has the best chance of reducing biases

A

The Scientific Method

49
Q

This is an inclination to respond partially to anything related to an event, person, or point of view

A

Bias

50
Q

This is the tendency to underestimate situation influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other’s behavior

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

51
Q

A picture clue would be an example of this type of bias

A

Perceptual Bias (personal bias)

52
Q

When we are more likely to take a perspective if we previously defended that perspective

A

hindsight bias

53
Q

We use this when we try to control for biases

A

The Scientific Method

54
Q

The steps to the cycle of science:

A
  1. idea or theory
  2. hypothesis
  3. design and conduct research
  4. analyze results
  5. formulate a conclusion
55
Q

This integrates known observations and suggests a testable hypothesis

A

Theory

56
Q

A testable statement generated from a theory

A

hypothesis

57
Q

Determining the primary concepts to be studied and representing the abstract concepts by describing and creating research variables

A

Operational Definitions

58
Q

Two types of research variables

A

Independent Variables (IV) and Dependent Variables (DV)

59
Q

This is the objective (goal) when a case study or survey is used.

A

Description (descriptive research)

60
Q

Using an experiment is done in an attempt to satisfy this objective

A

Explanation

61
Q

Measuring the relationship between events, allowing for future prediction describes which of our 3 objectives

A

Prediction

62
Q

Frank sat in the food court to see what type of interaction occured between parents and their teenage children. This is an example of this type of research design

A

Naturalist observation

63
Q

Of the 3 objectives, this one determines a cause and effect relationship between two events

A

Explanation

64
Q

Objectives?

A

Prediction, Explanation, Description, and Control

65
Q

This variable is manipulated by the researcher

A

Independent variable

66
Q

Blue group, Green Group, and Yellow Group would be considered conditions of this.

A

Independent Variable

67
Q

A scale used for rating between 1 and 10 would be considered this.

A

Dependent Variable

68
Q

This variable can be measured

A

Dependent Variable

69
Q

Participants experienced either emotionally positive scenes (kittens or a romantic couple) or
emotionally negative scenes (a warewolf or a dead body) for a split second before viewing nine
slides of people. Participants provided kindness ratings (1-6) of the people in the pictures
depicted in the slides. Higher ratings were given when they previously experienced emotionally
positive scenes.
This is the IV and the DV.

A

What is the emotional scene (IV)
and kindness rating (DV)

70
Q

“You might be basing your conclusions on your _________”. “You might be basing your confidence in that idea on your ____________”. How accurate are these two things?

A

Experience, Intuition. When we draw on our own past experience or intuitions, we risk making mistakes. Our personal experiences do not show us all possible events, so we shouldn’t base our conclusions simply on what we have seen or lived.

71
Q

Define variable, measured variables and manipulated variables.

A

A variable is something of interest that can vary from person to person or situation to situation.

A variable has at least two level, or values.

Measured variables are used in every study.

The levels of measured variables are simply observed and recorded in some numeric form.

Manipulated variables is one whose levels the researcher controls by assigning different participants to different levels of that variable.

Manipulated variables are only used in experiments.

72
Q

Define operational definitions.

A

Operational definitions specify the exact process for determining the levels or values of each variable.

73
Q

What is the goal of descriptive research. Descriptive research “often takes the form of ________”.

A

a survey

74
Q

Define sample and population of interest. Know the difference between the two.

A

A small group of people is called a sample

People selected from a larger group are called a population of interest.

75
Q

For a sample to generalize to the population, all members of the population must have an equal chance of ___________________. This is typically achieved through ____________.

A

Being selected for the sample; random sampling.

76
Q

Define naturalistic observation. What is the “goal” of this type of research.

A

Naturalistic observation is when animal or people are observed in their normal, everyday worlds and environment.

77
Q

When conditions are so rare that they can only study a single individual or small group, researchers are using a ________.

A

a case study

78
Q

Define correlational research. Correlational research can “tell us” what?

A

Correlation research measures two (or more) variables in order to understand the relationship between them.

Correlational research can tell us how two or more variables relate to one another

79
Q

Describe a positive correlation, negative correlation and zero correlation

A

Positive Correlation: This happens when two things go up together or down together. For example, as you eat more ice cream, your happiness goes up; as you eat less, your happiness goes down.

Negative Correlation: This occurs when one thing goes up while the other goes down. For instance, as you exercise more, your weight goes down; as you exercise less, your weight goes up.

Zero Correlation: This means there’s no consistent relationship between two things. They don’t affect each other. An example might be the number of books you own and the price of gasoline; they have no connection.

80
Q

Will our correlation predictions always be perfect? “They will be more accurate than _________________”

A

simply guessing

81
Q

Objective? “The stronger a correlation is, the better our predictions will be”.

A

Predictions

82
Q

A correlational study “simply ___________. Experimental research is conducted in a way that _________________.”

A

Estimates; can support causal statements.

83
Q

Define random assignment. It allows researchers to do what?

A

Random assignment is used to decide which participants will be in which group.

It allows researchers to keep the groups fairly similar before the IV is applied.

84
Q

“Experiments …can answer questions about __________ that correlational studies cannot.”

A

Causation

85
Q

Define random sampling. “If a study uses random sampling, every person _______________________________________________________________________”.

A

in the population of interest has an equal chance of being selected

86
Q

Random assignment is “the method used to ______________________________”.

A

assign participants to the different levels of the independent variable.”

87
Q

Know the difference between external and internal validity.

A

External validity is when the sample can generalize to the population of interest.

Internal validity is when deciding whether a study can support a causal claim.

88
Q

Define confound.

A

When the experimental groups accidentally differ on more than just the dependent variable.

89
Q

What is the primary reason for using the scientific method rather than other paths to knowledge?

A

To reduce bias

90
Q

Name the 5 steps in the cycle of science as presented in lecture.

A

Theory or Idea

Hypothesis

Design and conduct experiment

Analyze Results

Formulate conclusion

91
Q

Define Theory.

A

A theory is a set of propositions of what people do and why.

92
Q

Define Empiricists

A

Empiricists base their beliefs on objective observations of the world

93
Q

Define Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis is a prediction based in a theory.

94
Q

Define Data

A

Data are facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

95
Q

Define experimental group

A

An experimental group is one where the active condition is present.

96
Q

Define control group

A

A control group is one where the active condition is absent.

97
Q

Define placebo condition

A

Placebo condition is when the control group and the experimental group have the same experience, except for the one variable that is being manipulated.

98
Q

Define Experimental Group

A

Experimental group is where the group receives the variable that is being tested

99
Q

Define Control Group

A

Control group is where the variable is absent

100
Q

Define Placebo Condition

A

Placebo condition is where rhe control group and experimental group have the same experience, except for one variable that is being manipulated.

Psychology (6 decks)

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