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Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacterial skin disease is common in aquatic turtles

A

Septicaemic cutaneous ulcerative Disease (SCUD)

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2
Q

What is pyramidal growth syndrome in Chelonia and why does it occur?

A

Shell scutes grow to be pyramid shaped and raised

Due to low humidity, excess protein and calories

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3
Q

Which toxicity seen in juvenile Chelonia causes shell Abnormalities?

A

Fluroquinolones

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4
Q

What does a diet low in Vit A for carnivores or B carotene for herbivores cause

A

Hypovitsminosis A

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5
Q

Which reptile spp is hypovitaminosis A most common in

A

Aquatic Chelonia, leopard geckos, old world chameleons

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6
Q

How might a chelonia with hypovitaminosis A present

A

Anorexic
Resp. Sx
Difficulty shedding
Swollen eyelids

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7
Q

Why do chelonia with hypovitaminosis A have trouble shedding?

A

Pathogenesis of Disease = multifocal squamous metaplasia and hyperkeratosis

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8
Q

Which disease is often associated with hypovitaminosis A in Chelonia

A

Aural abscesses

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9
Q

How do aural abscesses in Chelonia present

A

Abscesses under auricular scutes containing thick or solid pus, well encapsulated

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10
Q

How are aural abscesses Tx in chelonia

A

Lance under GA and remove purulent material, leave wound open and pack with honey

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11
Q

What two types of beak deformities are seen in Chelonia and what can cause them

A

Prognathism or brachygnathism

Splits or traumatic damage

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12
Q

What causes stomatitis in Chelonia

A

Chelonian Herpes Virus with secondary bacterial infection

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13
Q

What is stomatitis related to in Chelonia

A

URT infection and poor husbandry incl. low temp, poor hygiene

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14
Q

Which two spp most commonly cause URT disease in Chelonia

A

Chelonian Herpes Virus

Mycoplasma agassizzi

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15
Q

What factors is URT disease associated with in Chelonia

A 
Stress
High stocking density
Poor hygiene 
Inadequate temp
Hypovitaminosis A 
Stomatitis
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16
Q

Mycoplasma agassizzi causes URT rhinitis in Chelonia. What does it cause in snakes and alligators

A

Tracheitis in snakes

Polyarthritis in alligators

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17
Q

How is Mycoplasma agassizzi infection Tx in Chelonia

A

Macrolides or tetracyclines

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18
Q

What type of lesion is Chelonia Herpes Virus associated with

A

Mucocutaneous lesiosn

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19
Q

How is Chelonian Herpes Virus spread and in which animal is disease seen

A

Spread by direct contact

Causes disease in stressed or immunocompromised animals

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20
Q

Which spp of tortoise is most susceptible to. Chelonian Herpes Virus

A

Horsefields

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21
Q

What is pneumonia in Chelonia commonly an extension of

A

URT disease

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22
Q

Which deficiency may be an underlying factor is pneumonia in Chelonia and why

A

Hypovitaminosis A

Epithelial lining of the resp system may be compromised

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23
Q

What is the most common reason a chelonia May be presented to the vet

A

Anorexia

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24
Q

What is of concern in tortoises with anorexia

A

Refeeding Syndrome e

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25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis in Chelonia

A

Increase in intra-hepatic fat which adversely affects hepatic function

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26
Q

In which animals is chelonia hepatic lipidosis most common

A

Obese / those that excessively eat

Females that are cycling but not breeding

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27
Q

How might a chelonia with hepatic lipidosis present

A

Reduced activity and appetite, cachexia, ascites, D+,

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28
Q

What is seen on Dx with hepatic lipidosis in Chelonia

A

Hepatomegaly
Heterophilia +/- monocytosis
Increased GGT, AAT and lactate

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29
Q

How is hepatic lipidosis in Chelonia definitively Dx

A

Liver biopsy

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30
Q

How is hepatic lipidosis in Chelonia Tx

A

Fluid therapy, nutritional support, nutritional supplements

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31
Q

What are the two main endoparasites spp I chelonia

A

Oxyurids

Flagellates

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32
Q

Which urolith is most common in Chelonia

A

Urates

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33
Q

What is urolithiasis most associated with in Chelonia

A

Periods of dehydration

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34
Q

What is the most common presenting Sx of urolithiasis in Chelonia

A

Difficulty walking

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35
Q

What is post ovulatory stasis in Chelonia

A

Follicles ovulated and become eggs in salpinx

Salpinx either not stimulated to lay or is unable to respond to stimulations to lay = become egg bound

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36
Q

How is post ovulatory stasis of Chelonia Tx

A

Propranolol to prime the salpinx then oxytocin - will result in laying unless obstructive dystocia present

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37
Q

In terms of normal physiological function, reptiles are unable to concentrate urine. Why

A

They have no loop of henle, only cortical nephrons

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38
Q

How does the Renal portal system work in reptiles and why is it important to appreciate?

A

Blood from caudal kidneys can be diverted too or from the kidneys - at times the kidneys have both arterial and venous supply

Portal system provides venous blood to the tubule cells to keep them alive in times of water deprivation or alterations in blood flow

Relevance = site of IM drug admin

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39
Q

What conditions are associated with cloacal collapse in all reptiles

A 
HypoCa
Poor husbandry or nutrition
Egg laying
Parasitic Enteritis
Bacterial Enteritis
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40
Q

Which tortoise spp hibernate and which don’t

A 
Hibernate = testudo spp and box turtles
Don’t = geochelone spp and hinge back turtles
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41
Q

What stimulates hibernation in tortoises

A

Changes in temp and reducing photoperiod

42
Q

What advice should be given to tortoise owners for hibernation

A 
When the tortoise starts to slow down...
Withdraw food 
Bathe daily
Reduce temp to 5 degree over 2-4wk
= gut now empty and well hydrated 
Place in hibernaculum - ensure temp regulation and air circulation
43
Q

What should be monitored whilst a tortoise is hibernating and what should these measurements inform

A

Monitor weight weekly to monthly

> 10% loss or animal urinates = wake up early

44
Q

How is a tortoise woken up from hibernation

A

Warm animal up over 24hrs and bathe frequently

45
Q

How soon after waking up from hibernation should a tortoise eat

A

Within 24-48hrs

46
Q

What are the two main injuries a tortoise may get from hibernation

A

Retinal detachment if hibernated at too low temp

Frostbite of extremities

47
Q

What is dysecdysis

A

Retained shed

48
Q

What might dysecdysis in lizards result in

A

Spectacle retention

Rings of retained skin may act as tourniquets = digit loss, hemipene prolapse

49
Q

What is the cause of dysecdysis

A

Lack of humidity and other environmental factors

50
Q

How is dysecdysis Tx

A

Soak squamates to facilitate removal
AntiB for secondary infections
Consider thyroxine supplementation

51
Q

What are the main mite spp in lizards

A

Ophinoyssus natricis = snake mite

Hirstiella spp = trombiculid Mites

52
Q

Which fungus commonly affects bearded dragons

A

CAN-V = yellow fungus disease

53
Q

How does CAN-V affect bearded dragons

A

Skin or systemic infection

Blisters, progressive crusting, Hyperkeratosis, epidermal necrosis

54
Q

Other than bearded dragons, is CAN-V seen in any other reptile spp

A

Also reported in snakes

Mostly bearded dragons and chameleons

55
Q

What are the main risk factors for CAN-V infection and how is it spread

A

Skin damage
Stress
Poor husbandry
Immunosuppression

Spread via direct contact or airborne

56
Q

How is CAN-V infection in reptiles Tx

A

Debridement of skin lesions

Topical and oral Tx = terbinafine, voriconazole, itraconozole

57
Q

What is the prognosis of CAN-V infection

A

Guarded - often fatal

58
Q

What is metabolic bone disease

A

Cause = nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism - Deficiency Vit D / Ca, incorrect Ca to phos ratio, inadequate UV light provision OR Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

Persistent hypoCa = increased PTH production = resorption of Ca from bones

59
Q

Which lizards are most likely to show Sx of metabolic bone disease and what are the main Sx

A

Juvenile or reproductively active females

Rubber jaw, pathological f#, paralysis, cloacal prolapse, bloating, constipation, osteodystrophy

60
Q

How does the cause of metabolic bone disease tend to differ between juvenile and adult lizards

A

Juveniles = nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Adults = renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

61
Q

What deficiency is metabolic bone disease in lizards related to

A

Hypovitaminosis C

62
Q

How is metabolic bone disease and hypoCa Tx in lizards

A

Stabilise patient
Correct husbandry or nutritional issues
Warm to POTZ and provides fluids as required
Ca gluconate IV or SC if muscle fasiculations - monitor for cardiac effects
Oral Ca supplementation
Vit D injections once a week
Calcitonin

63
Q

What is pre ovulatory follicular stasis in

Lizards

A

Follicles not stimulated to ovulate = remain in ovary = resorbed OR become necrotic OR ovulate secondary to environmental or medical intervention

64
Q

What is pre ovulatory follicular stasis in lizards a predisposing factor to

A

Hepatic lipidosis

65
Q

How is pre ovulatory follicular stasis in lizards Tx

A

hCG or access to Male to stimulate ovulation

Ovariosalpingotomy if systemic illness and follicles appear static

66
Q

What is post ovulatory ovostasis in reptiles

A

Follicles are ovulated = eggs enter salpinx = unable to lay

67
Q

How can post ovulatory ovostasis in lizards be Tx

A

Ca then oxytocin

Ovariosalpingotomy

68
Q

What is hemipene impaction in Male lizards associated with

A

Dysecdysis

69
Q

What is gout in lizards

A

Over production of or failure to excrete uric acid = hyperuricaemia = systemic and localised deposition of uric acid crystals

70
Q

What factors are associated with gout in lizards

A

High protein diets
Low humidity
Dehydration
Lack of water provision

71
Q

How might gout in lizards appear on Rx

A

Swollen radiolucent joints

Radiodense joints = pseudogout = over supplementation with Ca or Vit D

72
Q

How is gout Tx in lizards

A

Fluid therapy
Diuretics - furosemide
Allopurinol
Analgesia

73
Q

What does adenovirus infection cause in lizards

A 
Hepatitis
Enteritis
Nephritis
Bone marrow suppression
Meningitis
74
Q

Which animals are at most risk from lizard adenovirus

A

Seen most commonly in bearded dragons and chameleons

Young, old, immune compromised

75
Q

What is the most common neoplasm seen in bearded dragons and how do they present

A

Gastric neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Anorexia
V+
Anaemia
Hyperglycaemia

76
Q

Why are the clinical Sx of gastric neuroendocrine Carcinoma in bearded dragons vague

A

Tumours have neuroendocrine granules within neoplastic cells - release somatostatin, insulin, glucagon, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, intestinal peptide etc

77
Q

If a snake is star gazing, what does it suggest

A

Normal CNS function inhibited = a symptom

78
Q

What is loss of righting reflex of a snake when placed in dorsal recumbency a symptom of

A

Discontinuity of spinal cords ability to transmit neural impulses OR an inability of the muscles to respond

79
Q

What might a generalised lack of muscle tone be related to in snakes

A

A non specific sign - neurological disease, musculoskeletal disease of systemic disease

80
Q

What is thyroid disease in snakes related to

A

Improper light cycles, improper hibernation and temp gradients

Iodine toxicity or deficiency

81
Q

Why Sx is hypothyroidism associated with in snakes

A 
Weight gain
Lethargy
Poor appetite
Depression
Dysecdysis
Goitre
Myxoedema
82
Q

How many times per year do snakes normally shed

A

Between 4 and 6 times

83
Q

How are retained spectacles in snakes Tx

A

Wetting solution e.g. lacrilube for a few days to increase humidity around scales
Use of fine forceps to gently grasp the edge

84
Q

Why do snakes often get thermal burns

A

Their dermal perception of heat is poor

85
Q

What are thermal burns often secondary to in snakes

A

Inadequate ambient temp with focal heat sources e.g. hot rocks or unguarded lamps

86
Q

What can be used to protect thermal burns on snakes whilst they heal

A

Clingfilm, clear dressings

87
Q

What is blister disease in snakes

A

Dermatitis caused by bacterial skin infection leading to blisters under the scales which are fluid filled

Rupture of the blisters = ulceration

88
Q

What is blister disease in snakes associated with

A

Poor environmental hygiene and immunosuppression

89
Q

What is the most common cause of GI disease in snakes

A

Cryptosporidium Serpentes

90
Q

What does crypto in snakes cause

A

Gastric hypertrophy
Abdominal swelling
Regurgitation of mucus covered prey which may be sporadic
Weight loss

91
Q

How does entamoeba invadena cause Disease in snakes

A

Commensal in herbivorous reptiles
Invasion of intestinal mucosa = GI disease in carnivorous reptiles

Mostly seen with mixed reptile collections

92
Q

What are the main Sx of entamoebiasis infection in snakes and how is it Tx

A 
Poor BCS
Anorexia
Regurgitation
Constipation
D+
Neuro Sx

Metronidazole

93
Q

In which spp of snake is respiratory disease most common

A

Larger spp e.g. boas, pythons

94
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Inability to retract phallus or hemipenes

95
Q

In which reptile spp is paraphimosis most common

A

Ball pythons
Boa constrictors
Chelonia

96
Q

What are the main risk factors for paraphimosis in reptiles

A

Spinal trauma
Nutrition secondary hyperparathyroidism
Excessive breeding in snakes
Hypovitaminosis A

97
Q

What causes inclusion body disease in snakes, which spp are most at risk, what condition is it associated with and how might a snake present

A

Retrovirus

Boas, pythons

Mite infestations

Neurological disease, presence of inclusion bodies on Histo - often fatal

98
Q

What viral infection is common in viperid snakes

A

Paramyxovirus

99
Q

What does paramyxovirus infection cause in snakes

A

Resp Sx including pneumonia

100
Q

What virus in snakes is associated with pneumonia and encephalitis

A

Reovirus

101
Q

Which bacterial infection in snakes is a public health concern and why

A

Salmonellosis

Zoonotic

Exotics (5 decks)

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