General

Question 1

Very few drugs are L in exotics. What are your options?

Answer 1

A. Use a L drug
B. Use a drug listed on the Small Animal Exemption Scheme
C. Off cascade

Question 2

What can you use to sex lizards?

Answer 2

Hemipenile bulge
Femoral pores
Sexual dimorphism - different colours, Spurs

Question 3

What can be used to sex snakes?

Answer 3

Pop the hemipene out the vent
Probing - 14 scales in males, just sent gland in females
Pinging - feeling for hemipenes

Question 4

What can be used to sex Chelonia?

Answer 4

Tail length 
Plastron concavity
Width of anal scutes
Carapacial shape
Palpation of intromittent organ (phallus)

Question 5

What can be used to sex birds?

Answer 5

Behaviour or egg laying
Sexual dimorphism e.g. plumage colour
Vent sexing
DNA sexing
Imaging

Question 6

What can be used to sex small mammals?

Answer 6

Size - particularly in ferrets
External genitalia incl. genito-anal distance, extrusion of penis or palpation of testes, os penis in mustelids, teats in some spp

Question 7

How can a male Syrian or golden hamster be ID?

Answer 7

A prominent flank scent gland

Question 8

How can rabbits be sexed?

Answer 8

Penis = circular shape
Vulva = slit shape

Question 9

What is the normal temp range for birds?

Answer 9

40-42

Question 10

What is the normal temp range for small furries?

Answer 10

36.5-40

Question 11

What is the normal temp range for hedgehogs?

Answer 11

35-37

Question 12

Why is surgical neutering contraindicated in ferrets?

Answer 12

Linked to adrenal disease

Question 13

What can happen if a female ferret is not mated?

Answer 13

Induced ovulators

Oestrogen toxicity - pancytopenia

Question 14

What are the two vaccines in rabbits

Answer 14

Myxomatosis

RHD-1/2

Question 15

What are the two vaccines in ferrets

Answer 15

Distemper - not L, used under cascade

Rabies - pet passport scheme

Question 16

What vaccine can be used in guinea pigs?

Answer 16

Bordetella

Question 17

What vaccine for birds is available in the USA / Canada?

Answer 17

Polyoma Virus

Question 18

Which vaccines are available for reptiles and amphibians?

Answer 18

None

Question 19

Why should tortoises be bathed regularly throughout hibernation?

Answer 19

Use their full bladder as a water source

Question 20

Where are microchips placed in birds? Penguins?

Answer 20

Birds = LHS pectoral
Penguins = SC at base of neck

Question 21

Where are microchips placed in Chelonia and lizards? Snakes?

Answer 21

Chelonia and lizards = LHL

Snakes = LHS 3 head spaces back from head OR LHS cloaca

Question 22

What is the maintenance fluid requirement for small mammals?

Answer 22

75-100ml/kg/d

Question 23

What is the maintenance fluid requirement of birds?

Answer 23

50ml/kg/d

Question 24

What is the maintenance fluid requirement of reptiles?

Answer 24

10-30ml/kg/d

Question 25

Over what period of time should fluid deficit be replaced in reptiles cf. birds and mammals?

Answer 25

Reptiles = 48-96hrs

Birds and mammals = 24-48hrs

Question 26

For oxygen therapy, what % should be used in reptiles and birds cf. mammals? Why?

Answer 26

30-50% cf. 100% in mammals

Stimulation for respiration in birds and reptiles is hypercapnia NOT hypoxia

Question 27

Which veins are used for IV access in
A. Rabbits
B. Rodents
C. Birds
D. Lizards
E. Snakes
F. Chelonia

Answer 27

A. Cephalic, lat. saphenous, marginal auricular
B. Cephalic, lat. saphenous, jug, lat. tail
C. Medial tarsal, basilic, R jug
D. Ventral tail, cephalic, jug, ventral abdo
E. Ventral tail, R jug
F. Jug, dorsal tail

Question 28

Birds and reptiles respond differently to opioids cf. mammals - why? Which receptors do birds and reptiles have?

Answer 28

Have a different variety of opiate receptors

Birds = kappa mostly
Reptiles = kappa and other similar to mammalian Mu