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Diversity of Life 2 > Reptiles > Flashcards

Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

When did reptiles emerge?

A

Carboniferous.

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2
Q

What are the four extant orders?

A
  • Rhynchocephalia.
  • Chelonia.
  • Crocodilia.
  • Squamata.
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3
Q

What are the three groups of squamata?

A
  • Amphisbaenia.
  • Sauria.
  • Serpentes.
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4
Q

What skull fenestration do reptiles have?

A

Diapsid skulls (like birds). Turtles are anapsid (no fenestration).

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5
Q

What makes up reptile skin?

A

Beta-keratin.

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6
Q

What are the four components of an amniotic egg?

A
  • Amnion.
  • Chorion.
  • Allantois.
  • Yolk sac.
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7
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Fluid-filled sac surrounding and cushioning embryo.

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8
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Outermost layer, allows gas exchange.

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9
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Excreted embryo waste.

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10
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

Nutrient rich food supply for embryo. Allows embryo to develop before hatching.

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11
Q

What does the shell of the amniotic egg do?

A

Prevents evaporation of fluids inside, but allows gas exchange.

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12
Q

What does a diapsid skull allow for?

A

More muscle attachment and stronger jaws.

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13
Q

What is different between amphibian and reptile limbs?

A

Amphibian limbs point outward, but reptile limbs are rotated towards body and point forward, this helps provide more support for the body.

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14
Q

What kind of fertilisation do reptiles have?

A

Internal fertilisation, most are oviparous, adders are ovoviviparous and some squamates exhibit placentae formed by embryonic tissue.

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15
Q

What reptile is viviparous?

A

Brazilian scincid lizard.

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16
Q

Explain temperature dependent sex determination.

A

In turtles, high temperatures of nest = female. Mothers can choose sex by basking more or less often in viviparous reptiles.

17
Q

Explain reptile respiration.

A
  • No diaphragm.
  • Breathe by using intercostal muscles to expand body cavity.
  • Lateral undulations can help compress lungs.
  • Left lung is dominant.
  • Anterior part of lung is non-respiratory and acts as sac for gas exchange.
  • Glotti can help respiration when ingesting prey.
  • Turtles have specialised sheets of muscle in shell that contract and relax lungs.
  • Air pressure in lungs can be changed by moving limbs in an out in turtles.
  • Alligators have unidirectional airflow.
18
Q

What is different between amphibian and reptile circulation?

A
  • Ventricle in reptiles has a partial septum dividing ventricle into left and right, still 3 chambered though. In crocodilians, separation is complete.
19
Q

What is a Jacobson’s organ?

A

All reptiles have them. They allow them to detect chemicals with their tongue. Odour particles are captured by tongue and are then delivered by the tongue to the openings of the organ. Forkedness of tongue = more use of organ.

20
Q

What is a pit organ?

A

The organ snakes use to see IR radiation.

21
Q

What is the external ear structure of reptiles called?

A

Tympanic membrane.

22
Q

How do reptiles regulate body temp?

A

Skin colouration.
Crest.
Basking.
Heart rate.

23
Q

Give characteristics of Rynchocephalia.

A

1 species: Tuatara.

  • no external ears.
  • primitive scales.
  • locomotion and heart closer to amphibians.
  • third eye called parietal eye lost nervous connection to brain.
24
Q

Give characteristics of Amphisbaenia.

A
  • worm-like lizards.
  • legless.
  • tunnelling lizards.
  • heavily keratinised head.
  • skin distinctive and annuli.
25
Q

Give characteristics of Sauria.

A
  • lizards.
  • Iguania = iguanas and chameleons.
  • Gekkota = gekkos.
  • Scincomorpha - skinks.
  • Platynota = monitors.
  • most non-venomous, gila monster and komodo dragon are.
26
Q

Give characteristics of Serpentes.

A
  • No eyelids or external ears.
  • Colubroidea includes most living snakes, many venomous.
  • Elapids and viperids have hollow fangs with toxic venom.
27
Q

What are the four types of snake dentition?

A
  • Aglyphous - no fangs.
  • Opisthoglyphous - fangs in rear of maxilla.
  • Solenoglyphous - fangs on a rotating maxilla.
  • Proteroglyphous - fangs permanently erect at front.
28
Q

Give characteristics of Chelonia.

A
  • Turtles and tortoises.
  • Monophyletic.
  • Two-part shell in skeleton.
  • Carapace (dorsal) and plastron (ventral).
  • Beak instead of teeth.
29
Q

Give characteristics of Crocodylia.

A
  • 4 chambered heart.
  • Alligators have unidirectional airflow.
  • Diapsid skull with powerful closing jaw.
  • Crocodylidae - crocodiles (Fresh and saltwater).
  • Alligatoridae - alligators (freshwater).
  • Caimonidae - caimen (freshwater).
  • Gavialidae - Gharials (1 species).

Diversity of Life 2 (16 decks)

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