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Diversity of Life 2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are unique vertebrate characteristics?

A

Endoskeleton.
Cranium.
Vertebral column.

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2
Q

What are the two reproductive strategies?

A

R-selected: large number of small young, no parental care.

K-selected: small number of large young, lots of parental care.

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3
Q

What are the three amounts of yolk an egg can have?

A

Microlecithal.
Mesolecithal.
Macrolecithal.

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4
Q

What is cleavage?

A

A series of mitotic divisions that take the zygote to a mass of smaller cells, the blastula/blastocyst/blastoderm.

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5
Q

What are the two types of cleavage?

A

Holoblastic: full cleavage, isolecithal, micro/mesolecithal.
Meroblastic: partial cleavage, telolecithal, macrolecithal.

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6
Q

What kind of cleavage do amphibians have?

A

Mesolecithal, radial and holoblastic cleavage.

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7
Q

What kind of cleavage do mammals have?

A

Microlecithal, rotational, holoblastic cleavage.

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8
Q

What kind of cleavage do birds have?

A

Macrolecithal, discoidal, meroblastic cleavage.

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9
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Rearrangement of cells by migration and division resulting in the formation of the three embryonic germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. Cells moving into cell make up endoderm and mesoderm. Cells on outside make ectoderm.

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10
Q

What is it called when the ectoderm covers the embryo?

A

Epiboly.

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11
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Folding process to form neural tube which becomes the spinal cord and CNS.

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12
Q

What does the ectoderm become during neurulation?

A

Skin, hair, lining of nose, mouth and NS.

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13
Q

What does the endoderm become during neurulation?

A

Digestive tract, respiratory tract, liver and pancreas.

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14
Q

What does the mesoderm become during neurulation?

A

Muscles and skeleton.

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15
Q

What do extra-embryonic layers do?

A

Prevent embryo dehydration and protect it.
Provide nutrition.
Sequester waste products.
Exchange respiratory gases.

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16
Q

What is the first extra-embryonic layer?

A

Yolk sac.

17
Q

What extra-embryonic layers do the mesoderm and ectoderm form?

A

Chorion and amnion.

18
Q

What do the mesoderm and endoderm form?

A

Allantois.

19
Q

What extra-embryonic layers have blood vessels?

A

Yolk sac and allantois.

20
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

Series of organised integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ in developing embryo.

21
Q

What does the ectoderm form in organogenesis?

A

Nervous System.
Ectoderm.
Epithelia of eye, nose and ear.

22
Q

What does mesoderm form in organogenesis?

A

Connective tissue.
Urogenital system.
Circulatory system.

23
Q

What does HPG mean in HPG axis?

A

Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonadal

24
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Direct signals to pituitary.
Releases/inhibits.
Thermoregulation, food intake, thirst and activity.

25
Q

What does the pituitary do?

A

Master gland.
Produces many hormones.
Metabolism, growth, sexual maturation.

26
Q

What is the oestrous cycle?

A

Main reproductive cycle of non-primitive vertebrates.

27
Q

What are the two types of ovulators?

A

Spontaneous and induced (ovulate upon mating).

28
Q

What does polyoestrous mean?

A

Many oestrous cycles throughout the year.

29
Q

What does monoestrous mean?

A

One cycle a year.

30
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Dominates follicular phase.
Permits copulation and ova release.
Promotes fertilisation.

31
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Levels high in luteal phase.
Progesterone produced by corpus luteum.
Maintains uterine lining.

32
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Takes over production of progesterone and oestrogen.
Progesterone prevents womb contraction.
Oestrogen stimulates uterine growth.

33
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Stimulate cervical ripening, breaks down cervical connective tissue. Promotes further corticotrophin-releasing hormone.

34
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Feelings of motherhood.
Triggered by oestrogen.
When oxytocin-receptor concentration reaches a critical threshold, labour begins.
Causes regular contractions.
Causes milk to be squeezed out of alveoli into ducts and out of nipple.

35
Q

Where does prolactin get produced?

A

Produced in pituitary.
Produced in uterus and breasts.
Regulated by oestrogen.

Diversity of Life 2 (16 decks)

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