Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Special Species medicine > Reptiles > Flashcards

Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

What Order do turtles, tortoises, and terrapins fall under?

A

Chelonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What Order to snakes and lizard fall under?

A

Squanmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some biological similarities among all reptiles?

A

Ectotherms, scales, photoperiod, vertebrae, portal renal and hepatic circulation, uricotelic, nucleated RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of scales?

A

Protection of body, aid in movement, moisture retention, camouflage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a modified form of scales that crocodiles and chelonians have?

A

Scutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is special about the renal circulation in the reptiles?

A

The renal portal system allows blood supply from the caudal portion of the body to either enter the kidneys or bypass them entirely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is special about the hepatic circulation in the reptiles?

A

The hepatic portal system goes from the intestine to the liver, and the abdominal vein lies just under the ventral musculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the primary nitrogenous waste in reptiles? (Hint: not urea)

A

Uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Reptiles cannot concentrate their urine beyond plasma concentration

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

Regular shedding of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What should you do with a newly acquired pet reptile?

A

Quarantine for at least 3 months. Health check

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some environmental considerations when owning a reptile?

A

Sanitation regimen and disinfectants, temperature, lighting, humidity, water, enclosure type, food, furniture,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: Do not use phenol solutions as disinfectants of the reptiles cage

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does UVA light important for?

A

Behavior of the reptile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does UVB light important for?

A

Vitamin D3 with the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How far away does the UV light have to be from the animal?

A

18 inches (also not through glass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the humidity of a sub-tropical environment? Temperate? Desert?

A

70-90%
60-80%
30-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What condition can excess moisture lead to?

A

Dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can inadequate moisture lead to?

A

Dessication and dysecdysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some techniques to increase humidity in the reptile enclosure?

A

Soak pans, spray bottles, live plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: You can use cat litter, cedar shavings, quartz sand, small gravel, or corn cob litter as substrates for reptile enclosues

A

False. DO NOT USE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some values to monitor with a salt water enclosure?

A

pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How large must the prey be for the snake to eat?

A

No larger than the girth of the snake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long should you not feed a temperate species before its hibernation?

A

4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How large should the live insects be when feeding a lizard?

A

No larger than the lizards head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What should you do with the insects before feeding them to the reptile?

A

Need to be nutrient loaded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How much do you feed a lizard?

A

As much as they can eat within an hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What types of food should be avoided when feeding carnivorous lizards?

A

Commercial primate, canine, or feline diets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do you typically feed carnivorous lizards?

A

Lean rodents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What should you supplement to herbivorous lizards?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What ratio is needed to be adequate in the food for herbivorous reptiles?

A

Calcium:phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is found in some leafy greens and nonleafy vegetables and can bind to calcium and reduce its absorption?

A

Oxalic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and radish have in common?

A

Glucosinolates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What dietary supplement is required for insectivorous tortoises?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do you feed to carnivorous tortoises?

A

Small amounts of lean rabbit/rodent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What dietary supplement is required for insectivorous herbivorous turtles and terrapins?

A

Calcium!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How can you tell that a lizard is male?

A

Lift its tail and see two bulges at the proximal caudal portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How can you identify a tortoises gender?

A

Claws. Long sharp claws are male, short thick claws are female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do male reptiles have at the sides of their hind limbs?

A

Femoral pores/plugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which gender of lizards have larger fat pockets on their head?

A

Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What methods comprise of an initial diagnostic workup?

A

Physical exam, CBC, chem panel, radiographs, fecal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define the hands off physical exam

A

When you observe the animal before removing it from its enclosure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How would you restrain a snake?

A

Place index finger and thumb around the mandible, support the body. Snakes over 6 ft need more than 1 handler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How would you restrain a small lizard?

A

Grasp head with index finger and thumb, hold front and back legs against the body, cup body into hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What should you NOT grab for lizards?

A

Their tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How would you restrain a medium sized lizard?

A

Let its body lie on your forearm with neck/head rested in hand and feet dangling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do you restrain a crocodile?

A

Tape the mouth shut, hold tail at the base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How would you hold a chelonian?

A

Grasp lateral margins of carapace, just caudal to head and beneath the rear flippers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do you watch out for with adult chelonians when restraining?

A

Head and flippers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What can you do to indicate a reptile’s hydration status?

A

Serial weight measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What can be used to identify nutritional problems?

A

Morphometric measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the only Order of reptiles that has a pseudo-diaphragm?

A

Crocodilians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How do reptiles pump oxygen through its body without a diaphragm?

A

Limp movement pumps the viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which Order of reptilia have complete tracheal rings?

A

Crocodilians and chelonians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Which Order of Reptila have incomplete tracheal rings?

A

Snakes and lizards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What species only has one single lung?

A

Snake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the function of the cranial lungs in reptiles? Caudal lungs?

A

Cranial - gas exchange

Caudal - storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are some tools to measure heart rate and rhythm?

A

Stethoscope, pulse oximeter, doppler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where do you place the doppler on a chelonian?

A

Thoracic inlet between the distal cervical region and proximal front leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which is the only reptile that has four chambers in their heart?

A

Crocodilians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What do you call the nostrils of a reptile?

A

Nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which reptiles have external ears?

A

Lizards and crocodilians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What reptiles have external tympanum?

A

Chelonians and lizards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the only species that has an inner ear?

A

Snakes. It’s connected to the jaw to hear vibrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What type of muscle, smooth or skeletal, do reptiles have in their eyes?

A

Skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

T/F: Lizards and snakes (Squamates) have lots of taste buds

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Which species of reptile uses its tongue for chemosensory?

A

Snakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What vomeronasal organ opens directly into the mouth and has the tongue inserted into it when the mouth is closed?

A

Jacbonson’s organ (innervated by olfactory nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Which order or reptiles have a fleshy but tightly attached tongue?

A

Chelonians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the types of teeth seen with reptiles?

A

Thecodont, pleurodont, acrodont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Which type of teeth are replaced continuously?

A

Pleurodont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What type of teeth do crocodilians have?

A

Thecodont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What type of teeth Chelonians have?

A

They don’t have teeth. They have a sharp tomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Which species of reptile has a well developed oral mucous gland?

A

Snakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Venom glands are just modified _________ glands.

A

Modified labial glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What Order has esophageal papillae?

A

Chelonians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What part of the integument nourishes the epidermis?

A

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What part of the integument prevents fluid loss?

A

Epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What part of the integument do osteoderms originate?

A

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are osteoderms?

A

Boney plates that support epidermal scales and form plates for carapace and plastron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What reptiles have continuous ecdysis?

A

Crocodilians and chelonians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is ecdysis dependent on?

A

Age and season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What reptiles periodically shed?

A

Squamates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What organ is responsible for ecdysis?

A

Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What abnormalities would you look for with an integument examination?

A

Sloughing, swelling, edema, abscess, ulcers, exudate, malodor, parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What issues may you see with the carapace?

A

Hemorrhage, abnormal keratinization, hardness, fractures, ulcers, malodor, parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What reptiles (2) do not have a sternum?

A

Chelonians and snakes

88
Q

What is considered the thoracic ribs for a chelonian? Abdominal?

A

Carapace, plastron

89
Q

What may you find in the caudal coelomic cavity?

A

Eggs, cystic calculi, organ enlargement, mass, fluid

90
Q

What are the coprodeum, urodeum, and proctodeum?

A

fecal materal from colon, ureter from bladder, and mix of urine and feces, respectively

91
Q

Where do the oviducts of the reptile empty directly into?

A

Cloaca, via genital papillae

92
Q

Which Order has a single median penis?

A

Chelonians

93
Q

What species (2) have a pair of hemipenes located laterally in the cloava?

A

Lizards and snakes

94
Q

Where do the ureters flow to? (Hint: not bladder)

A

Cloaca

95
Q

What is the rule of thumb for amount of blood to draw from a reptile?

A

0.5 mL/100g body weight

96
Q

T/F: Use EDTA as an anticoagulant for reptiles

A

False. You want to use lithium and sodium heparin

97
Q

Where can you draw blood from a chelonian?

A

Jugular, coccygeal, brachial, subcarapacial, interdigital vein, dorsal cervical sinus

98
Q

Where can you draw blood from a snake?

A

Caudal (ventral) tail vein at 45-60 degrees from ventral midline, or heart at 45 degrees craniodorsally

99
Q

Where can you draw blood from a lizard?

A

Caudal tail vein, ventral abdominal vein, jugular

100
Q

Where can you draw blood from a crocodilian?

A

Caudal ventral tail vein - small

Supravertebral vein - med/large

101
Q

What is a normal blood glucose range for reptiles?

A

70-100 g/dl

102
Q

If the BG reading is 40-50 g/dl, how do you treat it?

A

5% dextrose in LRS intracoelomic

103
Q

BG 20-40 g/dl. Treatment?

A

10% dextrose in LRS IV

104
Q

BG <20 g/dl. Treatment?

A

50% dextrose in LRS. 0.5-1 mL/kg

105
Q

What is considered a normal calcium:phosphorus ratio?

A

2:1

106
Q

What calcium phosphorus ratio will you see with renal disease?

A

1:2

107
Q

What electrolyte is increased with renal disease?

A

Potassium

108
Q

What may cause hyperalbuminemia?

A

dehydration, reproduction

109
Q

What may cause hyperglobulinemia?

A

Infection

110
Q

What do you test for liver disease?

A

Bile acids

111
Q

What is the most common method of fecal examination?

A

Flotation

112
Q

What test will find trematode eggs?

A

Sedimentation

113
Q

What are routine views for radiographs on chelonians?

A

Dorsoventral, lateral, craniocaudal

114
Q

What can you use as a contrast for radiographs?

A

Barium sulfate or

Double contrast - air

115
Q

How can you keep a snake stationary for a radiograph?

A

In a plastic tube, taped to a board, and/or anesthesized

116
Q

What do you do to keep a lizard stationary for a radiograph?

A

Anesthetize

117
Q

What frequency can you use for all reptiles (besides large turtles) in ultrasound?

A

7.5 MHz

118
Q

What frequency can you use for large turtles in ultrasound?

A

3-5 MHz

119
Q

With ultrasound on chelonians, what viscera does the mediastinal window examine? Axillary? Inguinal?

A

Mediastinal - heart
Axial - liver, pecs, heart
Inguinal - Kidney, bladder, stomach, intestines, liver, repro, gallbladder

120
Q

What species do you want to be careful with when using a flexible endoscope and why?

A

Chelonians. Scope can damage their esophageal papillae and can difficult to place down the esophagus

121
Q

How would you position the turtle when using a rigid endoscope?

A

On its back with the cranial part of the shell tipped down so the intestines can fall away from the site of entry

122
Q

What is the “reptile ringers solution”?

A

One part LRS + two parts 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% NaCl

123
Q

What can you give to chelonians with severe hypovolemic shock?

A

Hetastarch diluted 1:2 with 0.9% saline

124
Q

What are the sites of fluid administration for severely compromised chelonians?

A

IV or IO

125
Q

What vein is used for bolus IV therapy, what is used for maintenance therapy?

A

Jugular and intracoelomic respectively

126
Q

What are some disadvantages of IC administration?

A

Slow absorption, compromising lungs, bladder, or ovarian follicles, will further complicate ascites, if present

127
Q

How can you rehydrate a reptile without using a needle?

A

Orally or soak it!

128
Q

What is the limit of fluids to give a reptile per day?

A

2-3% body weight/day

15/ml/kg/day maintenance

129
Q

What are the indications for blood transfusions?

A

Life threatening anemia, acute hemorrhage

130
Q

T/F: Blood transfusions with reptiles do not require the same species to share blood

A

False

131
Q

What solution do you use to collect blood for transfusions?

A

Acid citrate dextrose (ACD)

132
Q

What part of the body is used for antimicrobial injection therapy?

A

Front half

133
Q

What aerobic antibiotics work with reptiles?

A

Amikacin, ceftazidime, baytril

134
Q

What anaerobic antibiotics work with reptiles?

A

Metronidazole, clindamycin, penicillin

135
Q

What antibiotic works for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in reptiles?

A

Chloramphenicol

136
Q

What antifungal drugs can you use with reptiles?

A

Itraconazole, fluconazole

137
Q

What antiparasitics can you use for reptiles?

A

Praziquantel, pyrantel, fendendazole (careful for bone marrow suppression)

138
Q

T/F: Never use ivermectin with snakes

A

FALSE. CHELONIANS

139
Q

What can be used to maintain/give nutritional content for a sick reptile?

A

Esophagostomy tube

140
Q

When should you typically remove suture for reptiles?

A

4-6 weeks

141
Q

With squamates, when should you remove sutures?

A

until the next ecdysis

142
Q

What incision works well to have access to the caudal half of the coelem?

A

Inguinal incision

143
Q

What should you do with a sick patient before anesthetizing it?

A

STABILIZE

144
Q

What drugs can you use for induction of anesthesia?

A

Medetomidine and ketamine, or propofol

145
Q

What inhalants are indicated for reptiles under anesthesia?

A

Isoflurane, sevoflurane

146
Q

What must be functioning normally in order to give NSAIDs to a reptile?

A

Kidneys

147
Q

How long should you give NSAIDs maximum?

A

3 days

148
Q

What NSAIDs can you use for reptiles?

A

Meloxicam, carprofen, flunixin meglimine

149
Q

What pain meds should you not use with head trauma?

A

Opioids

150
Q

How do you euthanize sea turtles?

A

Anesthetize and then decapitate, then DISPOSE!

151
Q

What are some things to check for when you see a reptile with a wound?

A

if it needs treatment, neurological state, stability, contamination level

152
Q

How do you stop hemorrhage with first response wound care?

A

Digital pressure, packing wound, electrocautery, ligation

153
Q

T/F: It is okay to close a contaminated wound

A

False!

154
Q

T/F: You want to do a blood culture and sensitivity before choosing your antibacterial or antifungal medication

A

True

155
Q

What are some topical products you can use after debridement of the wound?

A

Diluted betadine, chlorhexidine, sliver products (SSD), tegaderm, duoderm

156
Q

How does the hyperosmolarity of honey work to fight against infection?

A

It draws water from the cells of the bacteria and fungi - killing them

157
Q

How does the low pH of honey fight against infection?

A

Low pH of 4 inhibits bacterial growth

158
Q

How does honey lead to the production to hydrogen peroxide and thus the killing of bacteria?

A

Honey contains both glucose and glucose oxidase which turns glucose into H2O2. In order for it to activate the pH goes to 6.1 via help from the skin and body

159
Q

What are some mechanisms of vacuum assisted care?

A

Removes bacteria and edema, increases blood perfusion, and promotes granulation tissue formation

160
Q

What are some benefits that vacuum assisted care provides?

A

Less bandage changes, fast resolves of infection, faster healing

161
Q

What are some nutritional disorders that are common in the lizard?

A

Hyperparathyroidism, gout, thiamine deficiency

162
Q

What are some nutritional disorders that are common in chelonians?

A

Hyperparathyroidism, gout, hypovitaminosis A, hypervitaminosis A, humidity and energy intake

163
Q

What are some clinical signs seen with hyperparathyroidism in reptiles?

A

Muscle tremors, fasiculations, tetany, skeletal disorders

164
Q

What would you see on radiographs with a patient with hyperparathyroidism?

A

Loss of cortical density, fractures of bones

165
Q

How do you treat hyperparathyroidism in reptiles?

A

Correct the diet and environment, and provide fluids, calcium/vit D supplements

166
Q

What happens with gout?

A

There are deposits of uric acid and urate salts into the visceral tissues

167
Q

What might cause gout?

A

Age, water deprivation, high protein diet

168
Q

How would you diagnose gout with bloodwork?

A

Plasma chem - hyperuricemia

169
Q

What do you see on radiographs with gout?

A

Lytic lesion around the joints

170
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis for gout?

A

Monosodium urate crystals in the joints

171
Q

How do you treat gout for reptiles?

A

Hydrate the food, fluid therapy, treat inflammtion, probenecid secretion, allopurinol reduction

172
Q

What do you see with hypovitaminosis A?

A

bilateral blepharoedema, nasal/ocular discharge, lethargy, weight loss, pneumonia, diarrhea, abscess

173
Q

How do you diagnose hypovitaminosis A?

A

Vitamin A assay of liver, blood, rads of pneumonia,and culture the infection

174
Q

How do you treat hypovitaminosis A?

A

oral supplementation, SQ, fluids

175
Q

What happens if you overdose on vitamin A?

A

epidermal sloughing

176
Q

How would a reptile get hypervitaminosis A?

A

iatrogenic

177
Q

What signs do you see with hypervitaminosis A?

A

Tissue sloughing, blisters

178
Q

How long does treating hypervitaminosis A usually take?

A

4-6 months

179
Q

What causes pyramiding of the chelonians carapace?

A

changes in humidity and energy consumption

180
Q

What is typically the cause of thiamin deficiency in reptiles?

A

Eating frozen fish for piscivorous reptiles does not give them adequate levels of thiamine, must supplement

181
Q

What are the characteristics of abscesses formed by husbandry problems?

A

Swollen, but with no fever

182
Q

How do you treat husbandry associated abscesses?

A

completely remove it and heal by second intention with granulation

183
Q

What is the pathogenesis of aural abscesses?

A

Immunosuppression -> dity water bowl -> secondary infection -> tympanic cavity

184
Q

T/F: The bacteria in aural abscesses tend to be gram positive aerobes

A

False. Gram negative anaerobic

185
Q

How do you treat aural abscesses?

A

surgical excision with lavage (diluted chlorohexidine), gentamicin ointment, pack, heal by secondary intention

186
Q

What are the common parasitic diseases seen with reptiles?

A

Crytosporidiosis, coccidiosis, mites

187
Q

How is cryptosporidium transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

188
Q

What are the clinical sins of cryptosporidiosis?

A

dehydration, body swelling

189
Q

How do you treat cryptosporidiosis?

A

No effective treatment

190
Q

How do you treat coccidiosis?

A

Ponazuril (30 mg/kg PO) once and then 48 hours later

191
Q

What do you treat when dealing with ectoparasites?

A

The host (snake) and environment

192
Q

What reptiles are affected by iridovirus?

A

Chelonians and lizards

193
Q

How do you diagnose iridovirus?

A

Basophilic inclusion bodies on impression smears, histo, electron microscopy

194
Q

How do you tret iridovirus?

A

supportive care

195
Q

What signs do you see with herpesvirus in reptiles?

A

Rhinitis, conjunctivitis, stomatitis, enteritis, pneumonia, hepato and neuro disease

196
Q

How do you treat herpesvirus?

A

Acyclovir and fluid therapy

197
Q

How is mycoplasma transmitted?

A

direct contact

198
Q

How do you treat mycoplasmosis?

A

tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones

199
Q

How is adenovirus transmitted?

A

Direct and vertical

200
Q

What are some clinical signs with adenovirus?

A

acute depression, anorexia, diarrhea, ophistotonus, limb paresis, hepatitis, GI

201
Q

How do you diagnose adenovirus?

A

Alive: PCR
Dead: necropsy and histo

202
Q

What species do you find paramyxovirus in?

A

Lizards and snakes

203
Q

What is the big clinical sign seen with paramyxovirus?

A

Nasal discharge

204
Q

How would you diagnose paramyxovirus?

A

Hemaglutination inhibition assay

205
Q

What is the treatment for paramyxovirus?

A

None specific. Supportive cae

206
Q

What might be the cause of inclusion body disease?

A

A retrovirus

207
Q

What clinical sign do you see in snakes with inclusion body disease?

A

CND dysfunction (more severe in pythons)

208
Q

How do you diagnose inclusion body disease?

A

Antemortem examination of abdominal viscera, blood slide

209
Q

What virus causes proliferation of cutaneous and visceral fibropapilomas?

A

Herpesvirus

210
Q

How can you treat fibropapillomatosis?

A

surgical removal, laser

211
Q

T/F: Most species has samonella

A

True

212
Q

How do you tackle the issue of salmonellosis?

A

Sanitation, disinfection

213
Q

What is intestinal dysbiosis?

A

When the indigenous intestinal flora are done or changed

214
Q

What clinical signs are seen with intestinal dysbiosis?

A

anorexia, diarrhea, lethargy

215
Q

How do you repopulate the gut when diagnosed with intestinal dysbiosis?

A

probiotic, antibiotics, fecal transplant of healthy same-species

Special Species medicine (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions