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Special Species medicine > Avian > Flashcards

Avian Flashcards

1
Q

What is a distinctive feature that is exclusive only to birds?

A

Feathers

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2
Q

T/F: Topical alcohol can dramatically change the temperature of a bird

A

True

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3
Q

Which direction do you part the feathers for venipuncture?

A

To the side

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4
Q

T/F: Bird skin is very tough and thick

A

False. Thin and fragile - subject to bruising

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5
Q

What is preening?

A

Method of aligning barbules on the feathers together

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6
Q

How might you tell a bird is sick from observing its feathers?

A

The feathers may be ungroomed

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7
Q

What is a blood feather?

A

A growing, active feather that is highly vascularized and enervated

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8
Q

What are two things that can affect feather growth?

A

Hormones, contaminants

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9
Q

What do stress bars on a feather represent?

A

Stress during the time of development of the feather in that area. Could be nutritional or environmental etc.

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10
Q

What bones do the primary feathers attach to?

A

Carpal bones

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11
Q

What bones do the secondary feathers attach to?

A

Ulna bone

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12
Q

Besides flight, what are some functions of feathers?

A

Insulation, thermoregulation, water proofing, mating and reproduction

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13
Q

T/F: Most bone fractures in birds are closed fractures.

A

False. Open fractures - easier for surgery

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14
Q

How many attachments do birds have at their atlanto-occipital joint?

A

One. (also only one occipital condyle)

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15
Q

How many times longer is a birds neck than a mammal (on average)?

A

2.5 times

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16
Q

What is the name for the bones of thoracic region on a birds body?

A

Notarium

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17
Q

What bone is commonly broken from flying into windows?

A

Synsacrum

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18
Q

What is the prognosis for a broken synsacrum?

A

Poor

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19
Q

What is another name for the bird sternum and what is its function?

A

Keel - support respiration

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20
Q

What would a score of 3 on the keel look/feel like?

A

Slightly convex with tissue, not flat or semicircular

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21
Q

When evaluating the health of an animal via its keel, what is something you want to look for?

A

Symmetries

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22
Q

What is the bone that attaches cranially to the keel bone, and has the clavicle ventrally attached to it?

A

The coracoid bone

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23
Q

What bone is dorsally attached to the coracoid bone?

A

The scapula.

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24
Q

What is the triosseal canal and what does it do?

A

It is an opening formed by the scapula, coracoid, and humerus and it is where the supracoracoideus muscle attaches to the humerus

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25
Q

T/F: Air sacs channel air into the bones.

A

True, specifically the pneumatic bones

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26
Q

What are some pneumatic bones in the bird?

A

Humerus, clavicle, pelvis

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27
Q

T/F: It is advised to administer fluids in the humerus

A

False. The humerus is pneumatic

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28
Q

Where is one vein to draw blood on the hind leg?

A

Medial metatarsal vein

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29
Q

What bone in the forelimb can you place an intraosseous catheter?

A

Ulna bone

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30
Q

What vein in the forelimb can you draw blood from?

A

Ulnar vein

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31
Q

What are the nostrils of the bird called?

A

Nares (nair-ees)

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32
Q

T/F: The bird’s soft palate is caudal to the hard palate.

A

False, birds do not have soft palates

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33
Q

What structure connects a birds oral cavity to the respiratory system?

A

Choana

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34
Q

T/F: Birds have complete tracheal rings

A

True

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35
Q

Where would you find the trachea?

A

Base of the tongue, can be seen right when you open the mouth

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36
Q

Do birds have epiglottises?

A

No

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37
Q

Which jugular vein is bigger, right or left?

A

Left

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38
Q

What structure is located right at the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

The syrinx

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39
Q

What is another term for tertiary bronchus?

A

Parabronchi

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40
Q

T/F: Bird lungs are rigid and inelastic compared to mammal lungs

A

True

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41
Q

How many air sacs to birds have in total?

A
  1. 4 pairs and 1 intraclavicular
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42
Q

The flow of air through a bird lung is undirectional or bidirectional?

A

Unidirectional

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43
Q

Do birds have diaphragms?

A

No

44
Q

What moves to generate the mechanical force of inspiration and expiration?

A

The sternum and ribs

45
Q

During inspiration, where does the air go first, before hitting the lungs?

A

The posterior air sacs

46
Q

What do you want to avoid blocking with a gas mask for a bird?

A

It’s nares

47
Q

What are the most important pre-anesthetic considerations for birds?

A

Fasting and analgesics

48
Q

What are the steps of isoflurane levels when anesthetizing a bird through mask induction?

A

Start at 5% iso then gradually reduce the concentration

49
Q

T/F: Do not inflate the cuff on the ETT

A

True

50
Q

What can happen is the ETT is too tight for the birds trachea?

A

Pressure necrosis

51
Q

What may happen if you place your ETT too far into the trachea?

A

Vagal stimulation

52
Q

How can you secure an ETT once placed?

A

Tape it to the lower mandible

53
Q

How many times do you want to apply IPPV to an anesthetized bird?

A

2-4 times per minute

54
Q

T/F: Even if the bird is breathing normally during anesthesia, you want to perform IPPV

A

True

55
Q

What position should the bird be when recovering from anesthesia?

A

Upright

56
Q

What medication can prolong the recovery of birds and is contraindicated?

A

Butorphanol

57
Q

What air sac do you usually approach for an air sac canulation?

A

The posterior air sacs

58
Q

What sense do birds rely on the most?

A

Their sight

59
Q

What are some shapes of the eye that birds have?

A

Flat, globular, tubular

60
Q

Which eyelid, upper or lower, has most mobility?

A

Lower

61
Q

T/F: Birds do not have a 3rd eyelid

A

False

62
Q

What does it mean if the 3rd eyelid reflex is absent during anesthesia and what should you do?

A

It means the bird is too deep. Turn down the anesthetic!

63
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty out to?

A

Nasal cavity dorsal to the choanal cleft

64
Q

T/F: Birds have bones in their eyes

A

True. Scleral ossicles

65
Q

What type of muscles are present in the bird eye?

A

Skeletal

66
Q

Does atropine work as a mydriatic for birds?

A

No, since the muscles are skeletal

67
Q

Since the bird retina is avascular, what provides nutrients to the tissue?

A

Pecten

68
Q

What is the area in the birds retina that has the greatest visual activity?

A

Fovea

69
Q

T/F: Birds do not have indirect PLRs

A

True

70
Q

What do slit lamps check for?

A

Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber

71
Q

What is the name for neutrophils in birds?

A

Heterophils

72
Q

T/F: The way to count RBCs is to use an automatic cell counter

A

False, use a hemocytometer

73
Q

How do you count WBCs on a slide?

A

40x objective, count # WBCs in 10 fields, find average, x 200 = WBC/uL

74
Q

What test do you run to check for liver values?

A

Bile acids

75
Q

T/F: Papillae in the upper inside beak is a sign of hypervitaminosis A

A

False. Papillae are normal, but lack of means a issue with vitamin A

76
Q

What side is the crop?

A

RIGHT SIDE!

77
Q

What is the outside of the cloaca called?

A

The vent

78
Q

Which lymph nodes can you palpate on a bird?

A

None, you can’t palpate lymph nodes on birds

79
Q

Why do you want to avoid injecting meds into the lower limbs?

A

The renal portal system will uptake those drugs and filter them. Not good

80
Q

What side is the ovary on?

A

Left. Right Regresses

81
Q

What % of body weight is the total blood volume of a bird?

A

10%

82
Q

What % of blood volume can be safely sampled from a bird?

A

10%

83
Q

T/F: 1 mL/100 is the rule to use for blood draw in birds

A

True

84
Q

What should normal bird feces look like?

A

Brown fecal portion with white urates, also a transparent urine portion (aqeous)

85
Q

You see a bird ballooning from its body, is this a puncture wound with a air sac hernia?

A

No, air sac is popped and air ballooned the skin

86
Q

What is the most common cause of a ruptured air sac?

A

Cats

87
Q

What is the most commonly associated bacteria with a ruptured air sac?

A

Pasturella

88
Q

Why is a bruise on a cat green?

A

The biliverdin (green) does not get converted to bilirubin

89
Q

How can you tell right from left on a radiograph?

A

The stomach is always on the left

90
Q

How can you treat sour crop?

A

If solid, can remove with forceps without anesthesia

If liquified, must anesthetize and flush & drain

91
Q

What is the maintenance amount for birds?

A

50 mL/kg/day

92
Q

For how many days do you want to stretch the administration of fluids to treat dehydration deficit?

A

3 days

93
Q

You see a lot of white spots on the bird liver, what is a top diagnosis?

A

Mycobacteriosis

94
Q

When handling the bird, what do you not want to restrict movement of?

A

The keel and ribs for breathing

95
Q

How do you treat chemokoptes mange?

A

Ivermectin PO or SQ

96
Q

What is the etiology of proventricular dilation disease of birds?

A

Avian borna virus

97
Q

You see a yellow mass obstruction inside the birds body cavity, what can be the cause?

A

Aspergillosis

98
Q

T/F: Pox virus is deadly but not contagious

A

False

99
Q

What is the condition for birds where their diet in high carbohydrates leads to muscle outgrowth and bone disfiguration?

A

Angel wing

100
Q

T/F; Avian abscesses are usually soft

A

False

101
Q

What is the disease called for ‘beak rot’?

A

Psittacine beak and feather disease

102
Q

Is it normal to see a bird spleen on radiographs?

A

No, it means something is wrong

103
Q

What is a reportable disease that causes respiratory and GI signs?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

104
Q

How can you diagnose chlamydophila psittaci?

A

PCR, serology, culture

105
Q

How do you treat chlamydophila psittaci?

A

Antibiotics (45 days minimum), injectable food

106
Q

What is the diseases where uric acid crystalizes and and deposits throughout the body?

A

Gout

Special Species medicine (2 decks)

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