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REPTILES > REPTILES > Flashcards

REPTILES Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how to perform a PE on a reptilian patient

A

Begin by observing the animal in its enclosure before removing for general disposition, muscoskeletal, resp or GI problems.

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2
Q

What should be documented in a reptile PE?

A

Body weight and morphemetric measurements , HR, temp, RR

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3
Q

The weight in a reptile is a good indication of?

A

Hydration status

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4
Q

How do you obtain a temperature in a reptile?

A

Deep cloacal or surface temp

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5
Q

What does digital palpation of the coelomic cavity check for?

A

Eggs, cystic calculi, organ enlargement, masses, fluid and assessing gravidity

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6
Q

What does morphometric measurement help in?

A

Can help with body weight and in nutritional management

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7
Q

Number one thing to do before restraining a reptile ?

A

ID their weapons and make sure they are non-venomous.

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8
Q

What is the proper technique for restraining a snake?

A

Place your index finger and thumb around the mandible and support the body by placing a hand q 3 feet. Snakes >5 feet will require two handlers .

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9
Q

What is the proper technique for restraining a Lizard?

A

Grasp the head firmly with index finger and thumb. Hold front and back legs against the body.
For smaller lizards you can hold body in the palm of your hand.

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10
Q

True or False : It is appropriate to grab a lizard by the tail?

A

False not a good idea

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11
Q

What is the proper technique for restraining a Croc?

A

Mouth should be taped shut and hold them at the base of the tail..

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12
Q

What is the proper technique for restraining a juvenile chelonian?

A

Grasp at the lateral margins of the carapace just caudal to the head and beneath the rear flippers

Adults may require multiple handlers

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13
Q

Husbandry- What is the proper daytime temperature for temperate spp?

A

80-90*F

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14
Q

Husbandry- What is the proper temperature for temperate spp @ night?

A

70-75*F

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15
Q

Husbandry- What is the proper daytime temperature for desert dwellers?

A

85-95*

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16
Q

Husbandry- What is the proper evening temperature for desert dwellers?

A

70-75*F

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17
Q

Husbandry- Lighting: In nm what is the strength needed for UVA light for reptiles to do normal daily activities ?

A

320-400 nm

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18
Q

What is the other type of lighting reptiles need besides UVA and why do they need it?

A

UVB which is needed to produce vitamin D3 in their skin

UVB 290-320 nm

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19
Q

What is the distance a light source should be away?

A

18 “

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20
Q

True or False: Light sources should be positioned through the glass?

A

FALSE - they should not be positioned through the glass because the glass deflects UVB light.

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21
Q

What is the amount of time reptiles need light during summer and winter?

A

14 hours in summer

12 hours in winter

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22
Q

Excess moisture in reptiles may cause this ?

A

Dermatitis

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23
Q

Inadequate humidity in reptiles may cause these two things?

A

Desiccation and Dysecdysis

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24
Q

What percentage humidity is needed for sub tropical?

A

70-90%

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25
Q

What percentage humidity is needed for temperate?

A

60-80%

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26
Q

What percentage humidity is needed for desert species?

A

30-50%

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27
Q

True or False: water sources such as soak pans, spray bottles, bottle containers and live plants can increase humidity?

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Define ectotherm

A

An animal that depends on the environment/external sources for body heat

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29
Q

Stenothermal

A

Temperature is maintained in a narrow range, terrestrial animals, can control themselves more.

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30
Q

Eurythermal

A

Wider range of temp gradients typically aquatic

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31
Q

POTR or POTZ definition and what are sources of heat

A

Preferred optimal temperature range- this is unique to each species.

Radiant heat- bulbs and ceramic

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32
Q

In severely debilitated patients temperature should be kept at the _________ end of their POTR. This is established by____________.

A

Higher end of the POTR

Establish with radiant heat- bulbs and ceramics - USE CAUTION with surface heaters. Keep a thermometer in the cage.

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33
Q

What are the steps in the initial diagnostic work up of a reptile?

A

PE, CBC, Biochem, rads, fecal other

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34
Q

What is considered minimum database in a reptile?

A

HCT, TS, GLUCOSE, CBC , biochem, bacterial blood cultures

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35
Q

What is the blood volume that can be removed from a reptile?

A

0.5ml/100g of body weight

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36
Q

What is the blood volume of a reptile?

A

5-8%

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37
Q

What are the places to perform venipuncture on a chelonian?

A

Jugular- gold standard

coccygeal,brachial,subcarapacial, interdigitital (leatherbacks) dorsal cervical sinus

38
Q

Where can you perform venipuncture on a Snake?(two places)

A
  1. Caudal- ventral tail vein
    Caudal to cloaca 25-50% down the tail at 45-60* angle on ventral midline
  2. Heart - sedation and restraint required 22-33% from snout to vent
39
Q

Where can your perform venipuncture on a lizard?

A

Caudal tail vein , ventral abdominal vein, jugular

40
Q

Where can you perform venipuncture on a crocodilian?

A

Caudal ventral tail vein if small - med

Supra vertebral medium to large

41
Q

What is the anticoagulant of choice for reptiles and why?

A

Lithium or sodium heparin b/c EDTA causes RBC lysis

42
Q

3 Standard radiographic views for chelonians?

A

Crainiocaudla/Anterior - posterior
Lateral
DV

43
Q

What 3 things make up “reptile ringers”?

A

1 part LRS
2 Parts 2.5% dextrose
0.45% NaCl

44
Q

What would be a good choice of fluids for a chelonian with severe shock due to massive blood loss?

A

Hetastarch diluted 1:2 or 1:3 with 0.9% saline @1/mg/kg q15 mins

45
Q

Indication of blood transfusion ?

A

a reptile has a blood volume of less than 5%

46
Q

PCV >5% treat with these things:

A

Combo of fluid therapy, Fe supplementation, supportive care

47
Q

Three appropriate fluids that can be used in reptiles for fluid therapy ?

A

Normasol-R
LRS
Reptile Ringers

48
Q

True or False: Oxyglobin is a good choice for sea turtles?

A

False - limited use in sea turtles and desert tortoises without adverse affects. O.K in healthy desert tortoises will cause dis -colored MM

49
Q

Which routes are acceptable to administer fluids in SEVERELY COMPROMISED chelonians ?

A

IV or IO allows rapid rehydration, also needed for administering blood, colloids, and fluids >5% dextrose

50
Q

Routes of fluid administration ? Which route is least stressful and best for bolusing?

A

Jugular , IC,sq,oral ,Cervical Sinus

cervical sinus for boluses and it is the least stressful and allows for repeated access .

51
Q

When would you use Intracoelomic fluid therapy? Where do you inject this through?

A

Maintenance , injected through inguinal fossa in chelonians, right side of abdomen in lizards and lower third of body in snakes

52
Q

Other routes of fluids include?

A

Subcutaneously- poor absorption,but is easily done
Orally -can be done in mild or moderate dehydration
Soaking -can soak in Luke warm water 24 hours for rehydration and reduction of epibiota
Intra cloacal

53
Q

Do not exceed this volume of fluids per day?

A

2-3% of body weight

54
Q

Fluid Maintenance in a reptile is ?

Be sure to do this before administration?

A

15ml/kg/day and up to 30ml/kg/day

Warm fluids

55
Q

Which drugs would be used for short term induction of a reptile?
Hint 1 combo of two
Other Michael Jackson

A

Ketamine + Medetomidine and reverse with atipazole

Propofol - diluted with 2 parts saline to one part Propofol

56
Q

Long term anesthetic plan?

A

Sevo, quicker than iso provide thermoregulatory support, monitor with Doppler, Pulsox, ECG

57
Q

What is important 24 hours post anesthesia?

A

Dry dock post 24h

58
Q

Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism clinical signs and cause?

A

Muscle tremors, tetany, fibrous osteodystrophy, pathologic fractures, tooth loss

DT diet prolonged deficiency in ca or VIT d , excess P and environmental also inadequate exposure to UV light

59
Q

Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism Dx

A

Low normal Ca, rads show loss of cortical density

60
Q

Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism treatment

A

Correct diet, fluids, Ca gluconate PO, Vit D, Calcitonin?

61
Q

Hypovitaminosis A clinical signs and cause?

A

Bilateral blepharoedema, dt squamous metaplasia , pneumonia, ocular and nasal discharge

Cause = diet
Seen in young or fast growing chelonians

62
Q

Hypovitaminosis A Diagnosis

A

VIT a assay of liver , blood test

63
Q

Hypovitaminosis A TX

A

Oral VITA or subq injection using an oil based product

64
Q

Gout Clinical signs and cause ?

A

Variable to Renal disease, lytic joint lesions, urate crystals swollen joints and reduced mobility
Water deprived and high protein diets

65
Q

Gout Tx

A

husbandry low purine diet high moisture foods, mist and regular access to water
Probenacid-increases uric acid excretion
Allopurinol - decrease hepatic production

66
Q

Thiamine deficiency clinical signs and cause?

A

Neurologic

Cause frozen fish diet

67
Q

Thiamine def treatment

68
Q

Four environmental health issues related to poor husbandry

A
  1. Impactions- from inappropriate substrate
  2. Abscesses
  3. Aural Abcesses- history of H2O change
  4. Secondary bacterial or fungal
69
Q

How to prevent zoonotic potential of salmonellosis

A

Sanitation program- hand washing, bleach, keep reptiles away from human food and water preparation areas. Not recommended as pets for infants and immuno comprimised patients

70
Q

What are 5 important things in obtaining a history on a reptile patient ?

A

Signalment, background ,environment, nutrition , reproduction

71
Q

Which is the only reptile with a diaphragm ?

A

Crocodilians

Use caution when handling other reptiles

72
Q

Which two species have complete tracheal rings?

A

Crocs and chelonians

73
Q

True or false : All reptiles have a 3 chambered heart?

A

False crocs do not

74
Q

Venomous snakes have how many rows of teeth?

A

2 rows on the upper arcade

Non-venomous have 4 rows of teeth

75
Q

What percentage of dextrose can go sub-q?

76
Q

What effects passage time of contrast in reptiles?

A

Temperature

77
Q

Best anti parasitic in reptiles?

A

Fenbendazole for rounds and Protozoa but contraindicated in some cause bone marrow suppression, praziquantel and pyrantelpamoate

NEVER EVER USE IVERMECTIN!!!

78
Q

Disadvantage of using Medetomidine /ketamine

A

Bradycardia,hypotension,hypercapnia,hypoxemia

Contraindicated in patients with hepatic or renal function use lower end of dose

79
Q

Which radiographic view will allow for visualization of both lung fields?

80
Q

Which would be the best choice for skin closure in a reptile ?

A

Horizontal or vertical mattress

81
Q

Which are the best two locations to perform venipuncture on a tortoise?

A

Brachial vein or Jugular

82
Q

What percentage of body weight is the required nutritional need in reptiles?

83
Q

How long should you leave sutures in a reptile?

84
Q

What is the maximum amount of time you can administer NSAIDS to reptiles?

A

Should not exceed 3 days and must have adequate renal function prior

85
Q

True or false: Honey works well following debridement due to it being very basic?

A

False it is acidic

86
Q

What is UVA light for?

87
Q

Where is the Doppler probe placed?

A

Thoracic inlet between the distal cervical region and the proximal front leg

88
Q

Gout Dx

A

Urate crystals within joints

89
Q

Impaction Cause and Tx

A

from inappropriate substrate.

Tx medically: enemas, parenteral fluids, laxatives
Mineral Oil, water via stomach tubes. Sx removal.

90
Q

Aural abcesses cause and tx

A

Immunosupression and infrequent water change
Aerobic gram negative bacteria

Tx- lavage with proper anitmicrobial

REPTILES (2 decks)

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