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Toxicology Final > Reproductive Tox > Flashcards

Reproductive Tox Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental toxicity?

A

an alteration in the structure or function of a developing embryo, fetus, infant, child, or adult resulting from an exposure to the male or female either before or after conception or during development.

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2
Q

What is the portion of women in the labor force today?

A

> 75% of women in reproductive age are employed outside home.

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3
Q

What is the rate of human reproduction?

A

100-250/1000 (conception)

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4
Q

How many testis are there and what is their function?

A

2,production of sperm and hormone

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5
Q

What is the Epididymis?

A

there are two and it is the sperm maturation, sperm storage.

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6
Q

What are the Vas Deferens and how many are there?

A

2, rapid transport of sperm

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7
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct and how many are there?

A

2, conduction of sperm

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8
Q

What is the penis used for?

A

sperm delivery

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9
Q

How many seminal vesicles are there and what is it used for?

A

2, secretion, large portion of semen.

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10
Q

What is the prostate gland used for?

A

secretion, large portion of semen.

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11
Q

What is the bulbo-urethral gland used for?

A

secretion, large portion of semen.

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12
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

oocyte production, sex hormone production.

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13
Q

What are the oviducts?

A

Conduction of oocyte form ovary to uterus.

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14
Q

What is the uterus?

A

chamber in which new individual develops.

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15
Q

What is the cervix?

A

secretes mucus that enhances sperm movement into uterus, and after fertilization reduces the embryo’s risk of bacterial infection.

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16
Q

What is the vagina?

A

receive sperm, birth canal

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17
Q

What are the 3 facts for successful Reproduction (Must know)?

A
  1. Numbers and quality of sperm.
  2. A healthy oocyte.
  3. A successful implantation (uterus, hormones)
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18
Q

The gonad produces Androgens in males what does this aid in development?

A

penis, pubic hair , and testes.

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19
Q

The gonad produces estrogen in females what does this lead into for development?

A

development of breasts, ovaries, and uterus.

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20
Q

The adrenal cortex in females and males lead to the development of what?

A

pubic hair, armpit hair, and acne.

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21
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus control in males reproductive function?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH.

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22
Q

What reproductive hormone does the hypothalamus control in females?

A

GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

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23
Q

What does the anterior pituitary (gonadotropins) control in both female and male reproductive functions?

A

LH and FSH (Lutenizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone)

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24
Q

What do direct acting gonadotoxicants mimic?

A

endogenous molecules

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25
Q

When direct acting gonadotoxicants mimic endogenous molecules, what does it disrupt?

A

reproductive control process- a feedback system.

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26
Q

What blocks the binding of hormones to receptors?

A

The direct acting of gonadotoxicants that mimi endogenous molecules

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27
Q

What does the direct acting gonadotoxicants that mimic endogenous molecules alter?

A

the effect of hormones on target tissue hormone analogs.

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28
Q

What cause direct cytotoxicity?

A

direct acting gonadotoxicants.

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29
Q

When direct acting gonadotoxicants cause direct cytotoxicity what does it affect?

A

the production of sperm and oocytes.

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30
Q

What are some direct cytotoxicity gonadotoxicants?

A

alkylating agents, toxic metals.

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31
Q

What is cadnium and what does it do?

A

acts as a direct acting gonadotoxicant that produces direct cytotoxicity and will damage the functions of sex accessory organs.

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32
Q

What does indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause metabolic activation form?

A

chemically more reactive metabolites.

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33
Q

What can potentially mimic endogenous molecules?

A

indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause metabolic activation.

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34
Q

What are Salicylazosulfapyridine, 2-ME

A

Reactive metabolites formed from indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause metabolic activation.

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35
Q

What do indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupts homeostasis impair?

A

synthesis, secretion, and clearance of hormones.

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36
Q

What are examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis and impair synthesis, secretion, and clearance of hormones?

A

DDT, Polychlorinated biphenyls.

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37
Q

What does indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis alter?

A

plasma protein binding of hormones.

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38
Q

What are some examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis that alter plasma protein binding of hromones?

A

cyproterone, flutamide

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39
Q

What do indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis modify?

A

the activity of hepatic enzymes that eliminate sex hormones.

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40
Q

What are examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis, that modify the activity of hepatic enzymes that eliminate sex hormones?

A

P450 inducer/inhibitor.

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41
Q

What are indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause drug induced impotence affect?

A

neuroendopcrine processes involved in erection and ejaculation.

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42
Q

What are examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause drug-induced impotence?

A

ethanol, clonidine.

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43
Q

What is special about alligators and florida and why?

A

abnormally small penises and low testosterone levels.

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44
Q

Which country has one of the highest sperm counts?

A

American Students

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45
Q

Which state in the US has the lowest concentration of low sperm count?

A

Missouri

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46
Q

What are indirect exposure in baby boys to estrogen like toxicants?

A

Mothers milk is a pollutants in body fat enter the blood and milk during pregnancy and lactation.

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47
Q

What are the two compartments of the testes?

A

the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue.

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48
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules do?

A

produce and transport sperm

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49
Q

What do interstitial tissue do?

A

Transport of nutrients and production of testosterone.

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50
Q

The testes has a blood testis barrier between where?

A

the interstitial capillary and seminiferous tubule

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51
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier prevent?

A

toxicants from entering seminiferous tubule.

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52
Q

What is not fully developed until puberty in males?

A

the blood testis barrier.

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53
Q

What are the cell types in the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogonia, spermatocytes, sperm, sertoli cells.

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54
Q

What are spermatogonia cells responsible for?

A

stem cells mitotically active

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55
Q

What are spermatocytes responsible for?

A

under or after mitosis and meiosis.

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56
Q

What is sperm responsible for?

A

the final stage of spermatogenesis

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57
Q

What are the responsibility of sertoli cells?

A

Act as nurse cells in the seminiferous tubules.

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58
Q

What cells do the interstitial tissue consist of?

A

Leydig cells

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59
Q

What are leydig cells responsible for?

A

secrete male sex hormones.

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60
Q

What is the functional unit of the testes?

A

seminiferous tubule

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61
Q

What in males requires 74 days?

A

the process of spermatogenesis

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62
Q

How long does the process of spermatogenesis in humans require?

A

74 days

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63
Q

Where does the sperm get mature in?

A

Epididymis

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64
Q

What is the normal standard volume of semen stated by the WHO?

A

2-5 mL

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65
Q

What is the normal sperm count number stated by the WHO?

A

20million/mL

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66
Q

What is the normal sperm motility set by the WHO?

A

50% Progressive motility

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67
Q

What is the normal sperm morphology indicated by the WHO?

A

30% normal morphology

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68
Q

What are the consequences when the male spermatogonia is targeted?

A

Decreased fertility, decreased permanent sterility

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69
Q

If the consequences are decreased fertility and permanent sterility what is the target?

A

spermatogonia

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70
Q

What are toxins that will target the spermatogonia?

A

procarbazine and busulfan

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71
Q

What is the target for procarbazine and busulfan?

A

spermatogonia

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72
Q

What are the consequences when the spermatocytes are targeted by toxins?

A

decreased fertility

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73
Q

Are the consequences on the spermatocytes reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

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74
Q

What are toxins that target the spermatocytes?

A

2-methyloxyethanol and procarbazine

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75
Q

What does 2-methyloxyethanol and procarbazine target?

A

The spermatocytes

76
Q

What are the consequuences when the spermatids are targeted by toxins?

A

Decreased fertility

77
Q

When the spermatids are targeted by toxins is it reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

78
Q

What are toxins that target spermatids?

A

Methyl chloride, SASP, Imidazoles.

79
Q

What do SASP, methyl chloride, and imidazole target?

A

The spermatids.

80
Q

What are the consequences when the sertoli cells are targeted by toxins?

A

Spermicide, permanent sterility

81
Q

Spermicide/ permanent sterility can be consequences from what targets?

A

spermatogonia and sertoli cells.

82
Q

What are examples of toxins that target sertoli cells?

A

boric acid and dinitrobenzene

83
Q

What does Boric acid and Dinitrobenzene target?

A

sertoli cells.

84
Q

What are the consquences when Leydig cells are targeted by toxins?

A

Testosterone depletion

85
Q

What target has the consequences of testosterone depletion?

A

Leydig Cells

86
Q

What are examples of chemicals that target leydig cells?

A

Ethane and Lead

87
Q

Ethan and Lead target what cells?

A

Leydig cells

88
Q

What are the consequences when Epididymis cells are targeted?

A

delayed sperm maturations, decreased motility and decreased fertility

89
Q

What toxins target the epididymis?

A

SASP and Chlorohydrin.

90
Q

2-ME induced infertility acts in what?

A

Spermatocytes; Spermatogonia can be seen; it is irreversible

91
Q

What does Boric Acid induced sterility do?

A

Injure sertoli cells; permanent sterility.

92
Q

What is the route for dibromochoropropane that is >3ppm?

A

inhilation subcutaneous

93
Q

What does dibromochloropropane at greater than 3ppm cause toxicity in?

A

Seminiferous tubule atrophy

94
Q

at a dose greater than 25 ppm what does hexaclorocyclohexane affect?

A

seminiferous tubule atrophy

95
Q

What is the route for hexachlorocyclohexane greater than 25 ppm?

A

DIET

96
Q

Chloroprene (Kepone) greater than 50 ppm causes what?

A

testicular atrophy

97
Q

What is the route for chloroprene?

A

In diet

98
Q

What do PCBs cause at about 50-100ppm?

A

decreased spermatogenic fertility

99
Q

PCB’s route is where?

A

diet

100
Q

Increased testosterone secretion will inhibit what?

A

LH secretion through its negative effect on hypothalamic GnRH

101
Q

An inhibitory signal from Sertoli cells influences what?

A

GnRH and FSH secretions

102
Q

What are the consequences when toxins act on CNS pathways to alter hypothalamic-pituitary control of gonadotropins?

A

decrease in libido, impotence, inability to ejaculate, testicular swelling, and gynecomastia.

103
Q

What are some general examples of toxins that act on CNS pathway to alter hypothalamic-pituitary control of gonadotropins?

A

Marijuana, Narcotics, Alcohol.

104
Q

What are inhibitory toxins that act on the CNS pathway to alter hypothalamic-pituitary control of gonadotropins?

A

Anesthetics, anagesia, sedatives, and tranquilizers.

105
Q

What are some excitatory toxins that act on the CNS pathways to alter hypothalamic-pituitary control of gonadotropins?

A

anitdepressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.

106
Q

What are consequences of toxins that act on hypothalamus and/or pituitary to disturb the normal feedback control mechanism?

A

They alter the systemic level of GnRH, FSH, LH, and testosterone.

107
Q

What are examples of toxins that act on the hypothalamus and or pituitary to disturb the normal feedback control mechanism?

A

DES: Diethylstilbestrol

108
Q

What is reproductive toxicity?

A

a delay in pregnancy, an increase in early pregnancy loss, or sub-fertility or absolute infertility resulting from an exposure to a physical, biological or chemical agent that laters the reproductive performance of either partner.

109
Q

What happened to the young rats when treated with PCB’s ( PTU)?

A

Grow extra large testes and produce more sperm

110
Q

What was found in RATS that PTU mimics?

A

Mimics thyroxine

111
Q

What is important to know about thyroxine and the importance of PTU mimicking it?

A

It inhibits sertoli cell proliferation under normal testes development.

112
Q

What does PTU reduce?

A

Thyroxine levels

113
Q

What happens when PTU reduces thyroxine levels?

A

allows sertoli cells to proliferate abnormally

114
Q

What are the symptoms of PCB induced male reproductive toxicity?

A

Hypothalamic dysfunction, less GnRH, less androgen, fat accumulation, and smaller sex organ.

115
Q

What does PCB induced male reproductive toxicity produce?

A

pituitary tumor, high FSH, LH, high androgen, and larger sex organ.

116
Q

What will metabolize the cGMP?

A

PDE5: cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5

117
Q

What is Vinclozolin?

A

A fungicide mimics testerone

118
Q

What are the side effects of vinclozolin?

A

severe erection damage due mainly to the systemic effect rather than on urethral.

119
Q

What is clonidine?

A

A drug induced impotency

120
Q

What is emission?

A

movement of semen into the urethral

121
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Propulsion of the semen at the time of orgasm

122
Q

What two processes involve muscle contraction and spinal reflex?

A

Emission and Ejaculation.

123
Q

What does ethanol do to the penis?

A

Ejaculation difficulty

124
Q

What do organosphosphates affect?

A

Neuroendocrine process.

125
Q

What occurs when organophosphates affect neuroendocrine processes?

A

It diminishes the ability to ejaculate.

126
Q

What does lead do to the penis?

A

Decreases sperm counts.

127
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the ovary?

A

Follicles, Corpus Luteum, Interstitial tissue.

128
Q

What is the function of the follicles?

A

Manufacture oocytes and produce estrogen.

129
Q

What is the function of the Corpus Luteum?

A

Act as a temporary endocrine gland.

130
Q

What is the function of the Interstitial tissue?

A

Transport of nutrients.

131
Q

Does the ovary have a barrier?

A

no effective blood ovary barrier

132
Q

What type of barrier is produced when a female is pregnant?

A

a blood placenta barrier

133
Q

What does the blood placenta barrier exclude?

A

Materials with MW> 1000.

134
Q

What are the three cell types in the ovary?

A

Oocytes, Granulosa cells, and Corpus Luteum

135
Q

How many oocytes are there at the time of birth?

A

2million

136
Q

How many oocytes are there at puberty?

A

300,000

137
Q

How many oocytes become mature?

A

400 become mature, one at a time.

138
Q

What do granulosa cells support?

A

the oocyte in the follicle

139
Q

What do the granulosa cells synthesize?

A

Hormones

140
Q

What is the corpus luteum responsible for?

A

collapsed follicle following ovulation and to produce progesterone.

141
Q

What does the ZG (Zona granulosa) produce?

A

Estrogen

142
Q

What are the Thecal Cells?

A

Provide the androgenic precursors for estrogens synthesized by the granulosa cells.

143
Q

What occurs in the Graafian Follice and Secondary Oocyte?

A

The firwst meiotic division is completed just before ovulation.

144
Q

When does the Follicular phase occur?

A

Days 1-13

145
Q

What phase does this event belong to : Menstruation, endometrium breaks down.

A

Follicular Phase

146
Q

What phase does this belong to: Low level of estrogen and progesterone?

A

Follicular phase

147
Q

What phase does this occur in: Follicle maturs in the ovary, endometrium rebuilds?

A

Follicular phase

148
Q

What day does this occur: Follicle matures in ovary, endometrium rebuilds?

A

days 6-13

149
Q

What phase does this event occur: Estrogen increases with the growth of the follicle?

A

Follicular phase

150
Q

What day does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

151
Q

What phase is this when the secondary oocyte is released?

A

Ovulation

152
Q

What phase is when progesterone starts to increase?

A

Ovulation

153
Q

What day does the luteal phase start?

A

Day 15-28

154
Q

What phase is this when the corpus luteum forms, endometrium thickens and develops?

A

Luteal phase

155
Q

What is the last event of the luteal phase?

A

Change of progesterone follows the fate of corpus luteum.

156
Q

When LH triggers the follicle to be disrupted what is occurring with the estrogen?

A

estrogen secretion by cells of the follicle slows down.

157
Q

What occurs within the follicle once LH triggers the follicle?

A

Meiosis 1 resumes in the primary oocytes and a secondary oocyte occurs.

158
Q

Why does the follicle rupture?

A

LH stimulates the production of lytic enzymes that act on the follicle where it balloons out from the ovary.

159
Q

High levels of LH trigger what?

A

Ovulation

160
Q

When LH ruptures the follicle the follicle parts left behind are transformed into what?

A

corpus luteum

161
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum that is transformed starts secreting?

A

quantities of progesterone and estrogen.

162
Q

What are cytotoxic effects on the ovary?

A

Germ cell killing

163
Q

What are agents that cause cytotoxic effects on the ovary?

A

Radiation, Alkylating agents, and PAH

164
Q

What is impaired when toxins impair reproductive tract?

A

disruption of the cervix function.

165
Q

What are things that disrupt the cervix function?

A

oral contraceptives and DES

166
Q

What is altered when the reproductive tract is impaired?

A

the vaginal flora.

167
Q

What causes the vaginal flora to be altered?

A

Vaginal tampons

168
Q

What toxins that impair the reproductive tract causing placental malfunction?

A

Cadmium

169
Q

When toxins interfere with sex hormone regulation what does it affect?

A

neuroendocrine neurons to decrease libido and inhibit secretion of gonadotropins.

170
Q

What are agents that affect the neuroendocrine neurons that interfere with sex hormone regulation system?

A

reserpine and chlorpromazine.

171
Q

What occurs when toxins interfere sex hormone regulation system such as DDT and Kepone?

A

competitively inhibit the binding of estrogen to its receptor.

172
Q

What do barbiturates and insecticides disrupt?

A

disrupts the biotransformation process of sex hormones.

173
Q

What do barbiturates and insecticides induce?

A

induce/inhibit liver P-450

174
Q

What do halogenated hydrocarbons disrupt?

A

biotransformation processes of sex hormones.

175
Q

What do Halogenated hydrocarbons induce or inhibit?

A

LIVER P-450

176
Q

What increases renal clearance?

A

When toxins disrupt biotransformation processes of sex hormones.

177
Q

What is decreased at the FSH/LH receptor to granulosa cells when they are targets for chemical injury?

A

decrease receptor population.

178
Q

What occurs to granulosa cells as targets for chemical injury in regards to the site of action of FSH and LH receptor?

A

competition for receptor

179
Q

What are physical forces that influence the menstrual cycle?

A

light, noise, seasons, gravity

180
Q

What are lifestyle factors that influence menstrual cycle?

A

Ethanol abuse, special diets, nutrition, illicit drugs, travel, stress, roommates, physical condition, tobacco use.

181
Q

What are endogenous forces that influence the menstrual cycle?

A

age, body habitues: obesity, weight loss below ideal body weight.

182
Q

What are pharmacological agents that influence the menstrual cycle?

A

with intrinsic estrogenic activity, causing hyperprolactinemia, affecting steroid metabolism, directly toxic to the ovary.

183
Q

What are medical illness factors that influence the menstrual cycle?

A

endocrinopathies, autoimmune disorders, galactosemia, chronic renal failure, liver diseases, blood dyscrasias, and neurologic illness.

184
Q

What are some radiation factors that influence menstrual cycle?

A

non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation.

185
Q

What are other things that influence the menstrual cycle?

A

chemical toxicants and occupational exposure

Toxicology Final (7 decks)

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