Reproductive Tox Flashcards
What is developmental toxicity?
an alteration in the structure or function of a developing embryo, fetus, infant, child, or adult resulting from an exposure to the male or female either before or after conception or during development.
What is the portion of women in the labor force today?
> 75% of women in reproductive age are employed outside home.
What is the rate of human reproduction?
100-250/1000 (conception)
How many testis are there and what is their function?
2,production of sperm and hormone
What is the Epididymis?
there are two and it is the sperm maturation, sperm storage.
What are the Vas Deferens and how many are there?
2, rapid transport of sperm
What is the ejaculatory duct and how many are there?
2, conduction of sperm
What is the penis used for?
sperm delivery
How many seminal vesicles are there and what is it used for?
2, secretion, large portion of semen.
What is the prostate gland used for?
secretion, large portion of semen.
What is the bulbo-urethral gland used for?
secretion, large portion of semen.
What are the ovaries?
oocyte production, sex hormone production.
What are the oviducts?
Conduction of oocyte form ovary to uterus.
What is the uterus?
chamber in which new individual develops.
What is the cervix?
secretes mucus that enhances sperm movement into uterus, and after fertilization reduces the embryo’s risk of bacterial infection.
What is the vagina?
receive sperm, birth canal
What are the 3 facts for successful Reproduction (Must know)?
- Numbers and quality of sperm.
- A healthy oocyte.
- A successful implantation (uterus, hormones)
The gonad produces Androgens in males what does this aid in development?
penis, pubic hair , and testes.
The gonad produces estrogen in females what does this lead into for development?
development of breasts, ovaries, and uterus.
The adrenal cortex in females and males lead to the development of what?
pubic hair, armpit hair, and acne.
What hormone does the hypothalamus control in males reproductive function?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH.
What reproductive hormone does the hypothalamus control in females?
GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
What does the anterior pituitary (gonadotropins) control in both female and male reproductive functions?
LH and FSH (Lutenizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone)
What do direct acting gonadotoxicants mimic?
endogenous molecules
When direct acting gonadotoxicants mimic endogenous molecules, what does it disrupt?
reproductive control process- a feedback system.
What blocks the binding of hormones to receptors?
The direct acting of gonadotoxicants that mimi endogenous molecules
What does the direct acting gonadotoxicants that mimic endogenous molecules alter?
the effect of hormones on target tissue hormone analogs.
What cause direct cytotoxicity?
direct acting gonadotoxicants.
When direct acting gonadotoxicants cause direct cytotoxicity what does it affect?
the production of sperm and oocytes.
What are some direct cytotoxicity gonadotoxicants?
alkylating agents, toxic metals.
What is cadnium and what does it do?
acts as a direct acting gonadotoxicant that produces direct cytotoxicity and will damage the functions of sex accessory organs.
What does indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause metabolic activation form?
chemically more reactive metabolites.
What can potentially mimic endogenous molecules?
indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause metabolic activation.
What are Salicylazosulfapyridine, 2-ME
Reactive metabolites formed from indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause metabolic activation.
What do indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupts homeostasis impair?
synthesis, secretion, and clearance of hormones.
What are examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis and impair synthesis, secretion, and clearance of hormones?
DDT, Polychlorinated biphenyls.
What does indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis alter?
plasma protein binding of hormones.
What are some examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis that alter plasma protein binding of hromones?
cyproterone, flutamide
What do indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis modify?
the activity of hepatic enzymes that eliminate sex hormones.
What are examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that disrupt homeostasis, that modify the activity of hepatic enzymes that eliminate sex hormones?
P450 inducer/inhibitor.
What are indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause drug induced impotence affect?
neuroendopcrine processes involved in erection and ejaculation.
What are examples of indirect acting gonadotoxicants that cause drug-induced impotence?
ethanol, clonidine.
What is special about alligators and florida and why?
abnormally small penises and low testosterone levels.
Which country has one of the highest sperm counts?
American Students
Which state in the US has the lowest concentration of low sperm count?
Missouri
What are indirect exposure in baby boys to estrogen like toxicants?
Mothers milk is a pollutants in body fat enter the blood and milk during pregnancy and lactation.
What are the two compartments of the testes?
the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue.
What do the seminiferous tubules do?
produce and transport sperm
What do interstitial tissue do?
Transport of nutrients and production of testosterone.
The testes has a blood testis barrier between where?
the interstitial capillary and seminiferous tubule
What does the blood-testis barrier prevent?
toxicants from entering seminiferous tubule.
What is not fully developed until puberty in males?
the blood testis barrier.
What are the cell types in the seminiferous tubules?
spermatogonia, spermatocytes, sperm, sertoli cells.
What are spermatogonia cells responsible for?
stem cells mitotically active
What are spermatocytes responsible for?
under or after mitosis and meiosis.
What is sperm responsible for?
the final stage of spermatogenesis
What are the responsibility of sertoli cells?
Act as nurse cells in the seminiferous tubules.
What cells do the interstitial tissue consist of?
Leydig cells
What are leydig cells responsible for?
secrete male sex hormones.
What is the functional unit of the testes?
seminiferous tubule
What in males requires 74 days?
the process of spermatogenesis
How long does the process of spermatogenesis in humans require?
74 days
Where does the sperm get mature in?
Epididymis
What is the normal standard volume of semen stated by the WHO?
2-5 mL
What is the normal sperm count number stated by the WHO?
20million/mL
What is the normal sperm motility set by the WHO?
50% Progressive motility
What is the normal sperm morphology indicated by the WHO?
30% normal morphology
What are the consequences when the male spermatogonia is targeted?
Decreased fertility, decreased permanent sterility
If the consequences are decreased fertility and permanent sterility what is the target?
spermatogonia
What are toxins that will target the spermatogonia?
procarbazine and busulfan
What is the target for procarbazine and busulfan?
spermatogonia
What are the consequences when the spermatocytes are targeted by toxins?
decreased fertility
Are the consequences on the spermatocytes reversible or irreversible?
reversible
What are toxins that target the spermatocytes?
2-methyloxyethanol and procarbazine