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Toxicology Final > Pesticides > Flashcards

Pesticides Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pesticide?

A

any agent used to kill or control undesired weeds, insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms.

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2
Q

Pesticides describes the use of what?

A

a toxin, not a class of agents that target a single site.

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3
Q

What is the range of pesticide products?

A

From highly toxic to no known toxicity.

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4
Q

How many commercial products in the US contains active pesticide ingredients?

A

25,000 and over 750 active ingredients.

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5
Q

The chemicals in pesticides are in extremely diverse group with what range?

A

wide range of toxicological effects on pest and non-target organisms.

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6
Q

What is the USEPA responsible for?

A

pesticide regulation in the US and maintaining a website with useful information and links.

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7
Q

What is another useful site for pesticide information?

A

The National Pesticide Information System in Oregon State University.

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8
Q

How many active ingredients were applied in the US in 2001?

A

888 Million lb of conventional pesticide (herbicide+insecticides+fungicides) active ingredients.

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9
Q

Over 4 billion pounds of what was applied to pesticides?

A

wood preservatives, chlorine, and hypochlorites, and specialty biocides were applied.

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10
Q

Who are the typical users of pesticides?

A

agriculture, industry, government, homeowners, and business.

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11
Q

Which sector consumes the largest volume of pesticides?

A

agriculture sector.

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12
Q

How many farms use pesticides?

A

1 million farms.

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13
Q

How many households use pesticides?

A

About 78 million.

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14
Q

What is the conventional pesticide with the most use?

A

Herbicide, glyphosphate.

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15
Q

What is the most used lawn herbicide used by homeowners?

A

2,4-D

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16
Q

How much of 2,4-D is used by homeowners?

A

8-11 millions lb/y

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17
Q

How much of 2,4-D is used by industry?

A

16-18 millions lb/y

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18
Q

How much does the US spends on pesticides over a year?

A

over 11 millions a year

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19
Q

What percent of the world total does the US use on pesticides?

A

4%

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20
Q

Why are herbicides used in larger amounts than any other pesticide?

A

Plants are generally larger than insects and it will take more to kill it.

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21
Q

What are benefits of using herbicide in agriculture?

A

the efficient control of weeds to increase crop yield and allow efficient mechanical harvesting.

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22
Q

Using herbicides instead of plowing to control weeds helps what?

A

to prevent soil erosion by wind and water by leaving plant stubble to hold the soil in place.

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23
Q

What is second to herbicide use in agriculture?

A

insecticide

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24
Q

Insects can cause direct damage to what?

A

commodities both in the field and in storage.

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25
Q

What can reduce crop yield?

A

direct damage to plants from insects.

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26
Q

What does insect damage to corn roots cause?

A

plants to blow down, making mechanical harvesting impossible.

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27
Q

What are benefits of insecticide use?

A

controlling insects to increase crop yield and preventing damage that interferes crop harvesting and food storage.

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28
Q

What do many fungi produce?

A

toxins that are harmful human health.

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29
Q

Fungi can grow on corn, peanuts and other grains to produce what?

A

aflatoxin.

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30
Q

What is aflatoxin?

A

among the most potent carcinogen known.

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31
Q

What caused the irish potato famine?

A

a fungal pathogen that killed both potato vines and caused potatoes to rot in storage.

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32
Q

What are common pests of stored foods?

A

molds and mildews.

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33
Q

Herbicides require less labor and energy than what?

A

manual or mechanical control.

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34
Q

Most pesticide use by industry is the spraying of herbicides to control weeds where?

A

along railroad and power line right of ways.

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35
Q

Where are Rodenticides commonly used?

A

in animal feed and grain storage.

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36
Q

Who uses bactericides?

A

by hospitals and medical care industry to prevent infections.

37
Q

Why are bactericides important in hospitals?

A

help controll staph and other infectious bacteria.

38
Q

Corn and Soybeans get heavy doses of what?

A

Pesticides

39
Q

What are most pesticide use by industry is?

A

the spraying of herbicides to control weeds.

40
Q

What are common industrial uses?

A

herbicides controlling weeds along railroad and power line right of ways.

41
Q

Herbicides requires less labor and energy than what?

A

manual or mechanical control.

42
Q

What problems are Neonicotinoids causing?

A

with bee killings.

43
Q

What are rodenticides commonly used in?

A

Animals that feed and grain storage operations.

44
Q

Do homeowners use rodenticides?

A

yes but in smaller amounts than industry.

45
Q

What are bactericides important for?

A

controlling staph and other infectious bacteria.

46
Q

Bactericides are expensive so formulations often contain what?

A

the minimum amount of active ingredient necessary.

47
Q

Regulators the bactericides to ensure what?

A

the product contains the appropriate amount of active ingredient.

48
Q

What is significant problem that bactericides face?

A

resistance like staph that is resistant to bactericides.

49
Q

Why does government use pesticide?

A

to control important disease vectors such as mosquitos.

50
Q

What are some diseases that mosquitos carry?

A

malaria, dengue, encephalitis, west nile, and yellow fever.

51
Q

Governments need to control indoor pests such as what?

A

cockroaches and termites that infest government buildings.

52
Q

What is special care does the government take on certain buildings?

A

schools and other buildings frequented by children to minimize exposure of children to pesticides.

53
Q

Governments occasionally develop programs to control what?

A

important agricultural or forest pests such as medfly and gypsy moth.

54
Q

In large urban areas what is an important government control program?

A

rat control

55
Q

What do home and business uses of pesticides include herbicides that are?

A

applied to turf or lawns.

56
Q

Commercial Lawn Care companies apply what?

A

mostly fertilizer, but also herbicide and insecticide.

57
Q

Insecticides and herbicides may be used how in home and business?

A

Gardens and Landscaping.

58
Q

There is a substantial commercial industry for what?

A

control of indoor pests such as cockroaches and termites.

59
Q

What are used companion animals?

A

insecticides are used for flea control.

60
Q

Homeowners may use fungicides for what?

A

paints to prevent mold and mildew growth on walls.

61
Q

What are the insecticide target sites as a neurotoxin?

A
  1. Voltage dependent Na+ Channel
  2. Acetylcholinesterase
  3. Acetylcholine Receptors.
  4. Glutamate gated chloride channel agonists.
  5. GABA antagonists
  6. Octopamine Agonists.
62
Q

What are the insecticide target sites as an insect Midgut?

A

Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) toxins.

63
Q

What are the insecticide target sites as hormone analogs?

A
  1. Juvenile Hormone Agonists

2. Ecdysone Agonists.

64
Q

What are the insecticide target sites as respiratory poisons?

A
  1. TCA cycle and electron transport chain inhibitors.
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors.
  3. Oxidative phorphorylation uncouplers and dissipaters.
65
Q

What is Chitin Synthesis?

A

Insecticide target site

66
Q

What is Mating Inhibitors?

A

Insect target sites.

67
Q

What is a pesticide?

A

Any agent used to kill or control a pest.

68
Q

Who uses pesticides and how much?

A

Farms: 1million and Households: 78 million.

69
Q

What are the most used pesticides?

A

fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides.

70
Q

What are the major classes of pesticides?

A

Herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, and bactericides.

71
Q

Who are the major categories of pesticide users?

A

Homeowners and governmental/industry/commercial.

72
Q

What pesticide has the greatest use by homeowners?

A

Lawn herbicide.

73
Q

What is the EPA definition of pesticide?

A

a pesticide can be described as any agent used to kill or ocntrol undesired: weeds, insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms.

74
Q

A pesticide describes the use of what?

A

The use of a toxin and not a class of agents that target a single site.

75
Q

What are the 5 insecticide target sites?

A

Nervous system, muscles, hormone receptors, mitochondrial respiration, and cuticle/chitin synthesis.

76
Q

What unique insecticide target sites in insects are not present in mammals?

A

Octopamine receptor, Bt toxins, malathion,

77
Q

Octopamine receptor is a target site in insects that doesn’t exists where?

A

in vertebrates.

78
Q

The octopamine agonists that kill insects only have effect on vertebrates when?

A

on a substantially higher dose.

79
Q

What are Bt toxins?

A

proteins that creat ion channels or pores in the cell membrane.

80
Q

Bt toxins target what?

A

insect midgut and are specific among insect taxon and has NO effect on humans.

81
Q

Bt toxicity is determined by what?

A

by the presence or absence of a suitable receptor.

82
Q

What is the relationship between GM plants and BT toxins?

A

GM plants can produce the Bt Toxin and be protected from insect pest.

83
Q

Malathion is used to kill adult mosquitos and have minimal effects on who?

A

on people.

84
Q

Pesticide use in the US is increase? T/F

A

False

85
Q

Increasing # Of household pesticide in the US is what?

A

lawn herbicide

86
Q

What lawn herbicide is increasing in household homes?

A

2,4-D

87
Q

What is the #1 Agricultural Pesticide?

A

B-glyphosphate herbicide.

88
Q

What is an example of differential toxicity target?

A

BT

Toxicology Final (7 decks)

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