Pesticides

Question 1

What is a pesticide?

Answer 1

any agent used to kill or control undesired weeds, insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms.

Question 2

Pesticides describes the use of what?

Answer 2

a toxin, not a class of agents that target a single site.

Question 3

What is the range of pesticide products?

Answer 3

From highly toxic to no known toxicity.

Question 4

How many commercial products in the US contains active pesticide ingredients?

Answer 4

25,000 and over 750 active ingredients.

Question 5

The chemicals in pesticides are in extremely diverse group with what range?

Answer 5

wide range of toxicological effects on pest and non-target organisms.

Question 6

What is the USEPA responsible for?

Answer 6

pesticide regulation in the US and maintaining a website with useful information and links.

Question 7

What is another useful site for pesticide information?

Answer 7

The National Pesticide Information System in Oregon State University.

Question 8

How many active ingredients were applied in the US in 2001?

Answer 8

888 Million lb of conventional pesticide (herbicide+insecticides+fungicides) active ingredients.

Question 9

Over 4 billion pounds of what was applied to pesticides?

Answer 9

wood preservatives, chlorine, and hypochlorites, and specialty biocides were applied.

Question 10

Who are the typical users of pesticides?

Answer 10

agriculture, industry, government, homeowners, and business.

Question 11

Which sector consumes the largest volume of pesticides?

Answer 11

agriculture sector.

Question 12

How many farms use pesticides?

Answer 12

1 million farms.

Question 13

How many households use pesticides?

Answer 13

About 78 million.

Question 14

What is the conventional pesticide with the most use?

Answer 14

Herbicide, glyphosphate.

Question 15

What is the most used lawn herbicide used by homeowners?

Answer 15

2,4-D

Question 16

How much of 2,4-D is used by homeowners?

Answer 16

8-11 millions lb/y

Question 17

How much of 2,4-D is used by industry?

Answer 17

16-18 millions lb/y

Question 18

How much does the US spends on pesticides over a year?

Answer 18

over 11 millions a year

Question 19

What percent of the world total does the US use on pesticides?

Answer 19

4%

Question 20

Why are herbicides used in larger amounts than any other pesticide?

Answer 20

Plants are generally larger than insects and it will take more to kill it.

Question 21

What are benefits of using herbicide in agriculture?

Answer 21

the efficient control of weeds to increase crop yield and allow efficient mechanical harvesting.

Question 22

Using herbicides instead of plowing to control weeds helps what?

Answer 22

to prevent soil erosion by wind and water by leaving plant stubble to hold the soil in place.

Question 23

What is second to herbicide use in agriculture?

Answer 23

insecticide

Question 24

Insects can cause direct damage to what?

Answer 24

commodities both in the field and in storage.

Question 25

What can reduce crop yield?

Answer 25

direct damage to plants from insects.

Question 26

What does insect damage to corn roots cause?

Answer 26

plants to blow down, making mechanical harvesting impossible.

Question 27

What are benefits of insecticide use?

Answer 27

controlling insects to increase crop yield and preventing damage that interferes crop harvesting and food storage.

Question 28

What do many fungi produce?

Answer 28

toxins that are harmful human health.

Question 29

Fungi can grow on corn, peanuts and other grains to produce what?

Answer 29

aflatoxin.

Question 30

What is aflatoxin?

Answer 30

among the most potent carcinogen known.

Question 31

What caused the irish potato famine?

Answer 31

a fungal pathogen that killed both potato vines and caused potatoes to rot in storage.

Question 32

What are common pests of stored foods?

Answer 32

molds and mildews.

Question 33

Herbicides require less labor and energy than what?

Answer 33

manual or mechanical control.

Question 34

Most pesticide use by industry is the spraying of herbicides to control weeds where?

Answer 34

along railroad and power line right of ways.

Question 35

Where are Rodenticides commonly used?

Answer 35

in animal feed and grain storage.

Question 36

Who uses bactericides?

Answer 36

by hospitals and medical care industry to prevent infections.

Question 37

Why are bactericides important in hospitals?

Answer 37

help controll staph and other infectious bacteria.

Question 38

Corn and Soybeans get heavy doses of what?

Answer 38

Pesticides

Question 39

What are most pesticide use by industry is?

Answer 39

the spraying of herbicides to control weeds.

Question 40

What are common industrial uses?

Answer 40

herbicides controlling weeds along railroad and power line right of ways.

Question 41

Herbicides requires less labor and energy than what?

Answer 41

manual or mechanical control.

Question 42

What problems are Neonicotinoids causing?

Answer 42

with bee killings.

Question 43

What are rodenticides commonly used in?

Answer 43

Animals that feed and grain storage operations.

Question 44

Do homeowners use rodenticides?

Answer 44

yes but in smaller amounts than industry.

Question 45

What are bactericides important for?

Answer 45

controlling staph and other infectious bacteria.

Question 46

Bactericides are expensive so formulations often contain what?

Answer 46

the minimum amount of active ingredient necessary.

Question 47

Regulators the bactericides to ensure what?

Answer 47

the product contains the appropriate amount of active ingredient.

Question 48

What is significant problem that bactericides face?

Answer 48

resistance like staph that is resistant to bactericides.

Question 49

Why does government use pesticide?

Answer 49

to control important disease vectors such as mosquitos.

Question 50

What are some diseases that mosquitos carry?

Answer 50

malaria, dengue, encephalitis, west nile, and yellow fever.

Question 51

Governments need to control indoor pests such as what?

Answer 51

cockroaches and termites that infest government buildings.

Question 52

What is special care does the government take on certain buildings?

Answer 52

schools and other buildings frequented by children to minimize exposure of children to pesticides.

Question 53

Governments occasionally develop programs to control what?

Answer 53

important agricultural or forest pests such as medfly and gypsy moth.

Question 54

In large urban areas what is an important government control program?

Answer 54

rat control

Question 55

What do home and business uses of pesticides include herbicides that are?

Answer 55

applied to turf or lawns.

Question 56

Commercial Lawn Care companies apply what?

Answer 56

mostly fertilizer, but also herbicide and insecticide.

Question 57

Insecticides and herbicides may be used how in home and business?

Answer 57

Gardens and Landscaping.

Question 58

There is a substantial commercial industry for what?

Answer 58

control of indoor pests such as cockroaches and termites.

Question 59

What are used companion animals?

Answer 59

insecticides are used for flea control.

Question 60

Homeowners may use fungicides for what?

Answer 60

paints to prevent mold and mildew growth on walls.

Question 61

What are the insecticide target sites as a neurotoxin?

Answer 61

1. Voltage dependent Na+ Channel 2. Acetylcholinesterase 3. Acetylcholine Receptors. 4. Glutamate gated chloride channel agonists. 5. GABA antagonists 6. Octopamine Agonists.

Question 62

What are the insecticide target sites as an insect Midgut?

Answer 62

Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) toxins.

Question 63

What are the insecticide target sites as hormone analogs?

Answer 63

1. Juvenile Hormone Agonists | 2. Ecdysone Agonists.

Question 64

What are the insecticide target sites as respiratory poisons?

Answer 64

1. TCA cycle and electron transport chain inhibitors. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. 3. Oxidative phorphorylation uncouplers and dissipaters.

Question 65

What is Chitin Synthesis?

Answer 65

Insecticide target site

Question 66

What is Mating Inhibitors?

Answer 66

Insect target sites.

Question 67

What is a pesticide?

Answer 67

Any agent used to kill or control a pest.

Question 68

Who uses pesticides and how much?

Answer 68

Farms: 1million and Households: 78 million.

Question 69

What are the most used pesticides?

Answer 69

fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides.

Question 70

What are the major classes of pesticides?

Answer 70

Herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, and bactericides.

Question 71

Who are the major categories of pesticide users?

Answer 71

Homeowners and governmental/industry/commercial.

Question 72

What pesticide has the greatest use by homeowners?

Answer 72

Lawn herbicide.

Question 73

What is the EPA definition of pesticide?

Answer 73

a pesticide can be described as any agent used to kill or ocntrol undesired: weeds, insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms.

Question 74

A pesticide describes the use of what?

Answer 74

The use of a toxin and not a class of agents that target a single site.

Question 75

What are the 5 insecticide target sites?

Answer 75

Nervous system, muscles, hormone receptors, mitochondrial respiration, and cuticle/chitin synthesis.

Question 76

What unique insecticide target sites in insects are not present in mammals?

Answer 76

Octopamine receptor, Bt toxins, malathion,

Question 77

Octopamine receptor is a target site in insects that doesn't exists where?

Answer 77

in vertebrates.

Question 78

The octopamine agonists that kill insects only have effect on vertebrates when?

Answer 78

on a substantially higher dose.

Question 79

What are Bt toxins?

Answer 79

proteins that creat ion channels or pores in the cell membrane.

Question 80

Bt toxins target what?

Answer 80

insect midgut and are specific among insect taxon and has NO effect on humans.

Question 81

Bt toxicity is determined by what?

Answer 81

by the presence or absence of a suitable receptor.

Question 82

What is the relationship between GM plants and BT toxins?

Answer 82

GM plants can produce the Bt Toxin and be protected from insect pest.

Question 83

Malathion is used to kill adult mosquitos and have minimal effects on who?

Answer 83

on people.

Question 84

Pesticide use in the US is increase? T/F

Answer 84

False

Question 85

Increasing # Of household pesticide in the US is what?

Answer 85

lawn herbicide

Question 86

What lawn herbicide is increasing in household homes?

Answer 86

2,4-D

Question 87

What is the #1 Agricultural Pesticide?

Answer 87

B-glyphosphate herbicide.

Question 88

What is an example of differential toxicity target?

Answer 88

BT